111
112
Summing up, given the results of this study, it is imperative that future studies relating to the implementation of EIA in Rwanda are encouraged. Such studies should focus more on environmental monitoring and audits of the approved projects, to ascertain if the EMP and mitigation measures submitted during the EIA studies are implemented.
113 REFERENCES
Ahmad, B. and Wood, C., 2002: A comparative evaluation of the EIA systems in Egypt, Turkey and Tunisia, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 22, 213-234.
Ahammed R. and Nixon B., 2006: Environmental impact monitoring in the EIA process of South Australia, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 26, 426-447.
Alemagi, D., Sondo, Y. and Ertel, J., 2007: Constraints to Environmental impact assessment practice: case study of Cameroon, Environmental Policy and Management, 9 (3), 354-382.
Alshuwaikhat, H., 2005: SEA can help solve EIA failures in developing countries, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 25, 307-317.
Antunes, P., Santos, R. and Jordao, L., 2001: The application of geographical information systems to determine environmental impact significance, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 21,511-535.
Asian Development Bank, 2006: Trainers’ Guide for Environmental Impact Assessment Training, ADB printer, Bhutan.
Aucamp, P., 2009: Environmental Impact Assessment: A Practical Guide for the Discerning Practitioners, Van Schaik Publishers, Pretoria.
Baissac, P., 2003: Environmental Impact Assessment in Mauritius in Southern African institute for environmental assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment in Southern Africa, Windhoek, Namibia.
Baker, A. and Wood, C., 1999: An evaluation of EIA system performance in eight EU countries, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 19, 387-404.
114
Benson, J., 2003: What is the alternative? Impact assessment tools and sustainable planning, Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 21 (4), 261-280.
Bouma, G.D. and Rod, L., 2004: The Research Process, Fifth Edition, Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
Bryman, A., 2008: Social Research Methods, Third Edition, Oxford University Press, New York.
Burton, D., 2000: Research Training for Social Scientists: Handbook for Postgraduate Researchers, Sage, London.
Central Intelligence Agency, 2010: Geographical Coordinates. Available at https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2011.html accessed on 20th January 2010.
Chapman, K. and Walmsley, B., 2003: Environmental Impact Assessment in Zambia in Southern African institute for environmental assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment in Southern Africa, Windhoek, Namibia.
Cooper, L. and Sheate, W., 2002: Cumulative effects assessment: A review of UK environmental impact statements, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 22,415-439.
Cordura, N., 2004: An Evaluation of Effectiveness of Environmental Impact Assessment in Promoting Sustainable Development in Germany, Master’s thesis, Norwich:
University of East Anglia.
Cox, E.P., 1980: The optimal Number of Response Alternatives for a Scale: A Review, Journal of Marketing Research, 17, 407-422.
115
David, M. and Sutton, C.D., 2004: Social Research: The Basics, Sage Publications, London.
Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT), 2006: General Guide to the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, Government Printer, Pretoria.
Devnyst,D., 2000: Sustainability Assessment at Local Level, Columbia University press, Brussels.
Dipper B., Jones C. and Wood C., 1998: Monitoring and Post-auditing in Environmental Impact Assessment: A Review, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management;
41(6), 731-747.
Dipper B., Jones C. and Wood C., 2000: Auditing the Assessment of the Environmental Impacts of Planning Projects, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 43(1), 23-47.
Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), 2005: Review of Application of Environmental Impact Assessment in Selected African Countries, ECA printer, Addis Ababa.
El-Fadel, M., Zeinati, M. and Jamali, D., 2000: Framework for environmental impact assessment in Lebanon, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 20, 579-604.
Espinoza G. and Richards B., 2002: Fundamentals of Environmental Impact Assessment, Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) printer, Santiago.
Esty, D.C., Levy, M.A., Kim, C.H., de Sherbinin, A., Srebotnjak, T. and Mara V., 2008:
2008 Environmental Performance Index, Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy, New Haven, USA. Also available on: http://epi.yale.edu accessed on 20th November 2009.
116
Faircheallaigh, C., 2010: Public participation and environmental impact assessment:
Purposes, implications, and lessons for public policy making, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 30, 19-27.
Finnveden, G. and Moberg, A., 2005: Environmental system analysis tools: an overview, Journal of Cleaner Production, 13, 1165-1173.
Fischer, T., 2003: Strategic Environmental Assessment in Post-modern times, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 23, 155-170.
Fitzpatrick, P. and Sinclair, A., 2009: Multi-jurisdictional impact assessment: Canadian experiences, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 10, 1016-1025.
Fouche, C.B., 1998: Data Collection Methods in Research at Grassroots: A Primer for the Caring Professions, Van Schaick Publishers, Pretoria.
Fowler, F., 2002: Survey Research Methods, Third edition, Sage publications, California.
Glasson, J., Therivel, R. and Chadwick, A., 1999: Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, Second edition, Spon press, London.
Glasson, J. and Salvador, N., 2000: EIA in Brazil: a procedure-practice gap. A comparative study with reference to the European Union, and especially the UK, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 20, 191-225.
Glasson, J. and Bellanger, C., 2003: Divergent practice in a converging system? The case of EIA in France and the UK, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 23, 605-624.
Glasson J., Therivel R. and Chadwick A., 2005: Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, Third edition, Routledge, New York.
117
Government of Rwanda, 2000: Vision 2020, Government printer, Kigali.
Government of Rwanda, 2003a: Environmental Policy, Government printer, Kigali.
Government of Rwanda, 2003b: Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, Government printer, Kigali.
Government of Rwanda, 2005: Organic Law Determining the Modalities of Protection, Conservation and Promotion of Environment in Rwanda, Government printer, Kigali.
Government of Rwanda, 2006: Organic Law Determining the Organisation, Functioning and Responsibilities of Rwanda Environment Management Authority, Government printer, Kigali.
Government of Rwanda, 2007: Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy 2008-2012, Government Printer, Kigali.
Government of Rwanda, 2008a: Ministerial Order Relating to the Requirements and Procedure for Environmental Impact Assessment, Government printer, Kigali.
Government of Rwanda, 2008b: Ministerial Order Establishing the List of Works, Activities and Projects that Have to Undertake an Environment Impact Assessment, Government printer, Kigali.
Henning, E., 2004: Finding your Way in Qualitative Research, Van Schaik Publishers, Pretoria.
Hatton, J., Telford, S. and Krugmann, H., 2003: Environmental Impact Assessment in Mozambique in Southern African institute for environmental assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment in Southern Africa, Windhoek, Namibia.
118
Holm-Hansen J., 1997: Environmental Impact Assessment in Estonia and Norway, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 17, 449-463.
International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA), 2006: Guidelines for Lead IA Professionals, IAIA printer, Fargo.
Jackson, W., 1995: Methods: Doing Social Research, Prentice-Hall Canada inc., Ontario.
Jackson, C.J. and Furnham, A., 2000: Designing and Analysing Questionnaires and Surveys, Whurr Publishers, London.
Jackson, S., 2009: Research Methods and Statistics: Critical Thinking Approach, Cengage learning, Belmont (USA).
Kakonge, J., 1998: EIA and good governance: issues and lessons from Africa, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 18, 289-305.
Leigh, J.H. and Martin, C.R., 1987: “don’t know “item non response in a telephone survey: effects of questions form and respondent characteristics, Journal of Marketing Research, 24, 418-424.
Mahiber, M., 2008: EIA implementation and challenges. Proceedings of the National Workshop on EIA in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, April 2008.
May, T., 2001: Social Research: Issues, Methods and Process, Third Edition, Open University Press, Buckingham.
Modak, P. and Biswas, AK. 1999: Conducting Environmental Impact Assessment in Developing Countries, UN Press, New York.
119
Mokhehle, L. and Diab, R., 2001: Evolution of environmental impact assessment in a small developing country: a review of Lesotho case studies from 1980 to 1999, Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 19 (1), 9-18.
Momtaz, S., 2002: Environmental impact assessment in Bangladesh: A critical review, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 22, 163-179.
Morgan, R., 2002: Methodological Perspective of Environmental Impact Assessment, Kluwer Academic Publisher, London.
Morris. P. and Therivel. R., 2001: Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment, Second edition, Spon press, London.
Morrison-Saunders, A. and Fischer, T., 2006: What is wrong with EIA and SEA anyway?A sceptic’s perspective on sustainability assessment, Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 8(1), 19-39.
Morrison-Saunders, A. and Bailey, M., 2009: appraising the role of relationships between regulators and consultants for effective EIA, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 29, 284-294.
Motsamai, B., Keatimilwe, K. and Pomela, M., 2003: Environmental Impact Assessment in Lesotho in Southern African institute for environmental assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment in Southern Africa, Windhoek, Namibia.
Mpotokwane, M. and Keatimilwe, K., 2003: Environmental Impact Assessment in Botswana in Southern African institute for environmental assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment in Southern Africa, Windhoek, Namibia.
Nadeem, O. and Hameed, R., 2008: Evaluation of environmental impact assessment system in Pakistan, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 28,562-571.
120
National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, 2007: Millennium Development Goal-Country Report 2007, Government printer, Kigali.
National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, 2008: Rwanda Development Indicators-2006, Government printer, Kigali.
Neuman, L.W., 2003: Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, Fifth edition, Allyn and Bacon Press, Boston.
Noble, B., 2006: Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, Oxford university Press, Canada.
Ogunba, O., 2004: EIA systems in Nigeria: Evolution, current practice and shortcomings, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 24, 643-660.
Opoku, S., 2001: Environmental impact Assessment in developing countries: the case study of Ghana, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 21, 59-71.
Paliwal, R., 2006: EIA practice in India and its evaluation using SWOT analysis, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 26, 492-510.
Pallant, J., 2005: SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS for Windows, Second Edition, Open University Press, New York.
Peterson, R.A., 2000: Constructing Effective Questionnaires, Sage Publications, London.
Purnama, D., 2003: Reform of the EIA process in Indonesia: improving the role of public involvement, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 23, 415-439.
Ramos T., Cecilo T. and Joanaz de Melo J., 2008: Environmental Impact Assessment in higher education and training in Portugal, Journal of Cleaner Production, 16; 639-645.
121
Retief, F. and Chabalala, B., 2009: the cost of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in South Africa, Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 11 (1), 51-68.
Rossouw, N., Davies, S., Fortuin, H., Rapholo, B. and Wit, M., 2003: Environmental Impact Assessment in South Africa in Southern African Institute for Environmental Assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment in Southern Africa, Windhoek, Namibia.
Rwanda Development Board, 2009: An Awareness Booklet for Compliance to Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure in Rwanda, Government printer, Kigali.
Rwanda Development Board, 2010: Development Drivers of Rwanda. Available at http://www.rwandainvest.com accessed on 7th February 2010.
Rwanda Environmental Management Authority, 2005: Annual Report of 2005, Government printer, Kigali.
Rwanda Environmental Management Authority, 2006: General Guidelines and Procedure for Environmental Impact Assessment, Government printer, Kigali.
Rwanda Environmental Management Authority, 2008: DEIACE Annual Report of 2008, Government printer, Kigali.
Rwanda Environmental Management Authority, 2009: Rwanda State of Environment and Outlook Report, Government printer, Kigali.
Sandham, L., Siphugu, V. and Tshivhandekano, R., 2005: Aspects of environmental Impact Assessment practice in the Limpopo province-South Africa, Ajeam-Ragee, 10, 50-65.
122
Scott, D. and Oelofse, C., 2005: Social and environmental justice in South African cities:
including invisible stakeholders in environmental assessment procedures, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 48 (3), 445-467.
Spong, P., Booth, V. and Walmsley, B., 2003: Environmental Impact Assessment in Zimbabwe in Southern African Institute for Environmental Assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment in Southern Africa, Windhoek, Namibia.
Thomas, I. and Elliot, M., 2005: Environmental Impact Assessment in Australia: Theory and Practice, Fourth Edition, the Federation Press, Marrickville.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2004: Environmental Impact Assessment and Strategic Environmental Assessment: Towards an Integrated Approach, UNEP Printer, Geneva.
Vanclay, F., 2003: International principles for social impact assessment; Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 21 (1), 5-11.
Wang, Y., Morgan, R. and Cashmore, M., 2003: EIA of projects in the People’s Republic of China: new law, old problems, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 23, 543- 579.
Weaver, A., 2003: Environmental Impact Assessment and Sustainable Development: key concepts and tools in Southern African Institute for Environmental Assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment in Southern Africa, Windhoek, Namibia.
Wilkins, H., 2003: The need for subjectivity in EIA: discourse as a tool for sustainable development, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 23, 401-414.
Wood, C., 2003a: Environmental Impact Assessment: A comparative Review, Second edition, Prentice Press, Halltown.
123
Wood, C., 2003b: Environmental Impact Assessment in Developing Countries: An Overview, University of Manchester, Manchester.
Wood, C. and Hartley, N., 2005: Public participation in environmental impact assessment-implementing the Aarhus convention, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 25, 319-340.
World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987: Our Common Future, Oxford University Press, New York.
Zeremariam, T.K., 2003: An Evaluation of Environmental Impact Assessment in Eritrea, Master’s thesis, Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal.
124 APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1: Approved list of EIA experts (MINIRENA, 2008)
REGISTRATION OF EIA EXPERTS: LIST OF INDIVIDUALS/FIRMS 9 1. E.N.V Consult (T) Ltd
P.O Box 31318 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel: 255 22 2772209 9 2. ESF Consultants
P.O Box 4531 Kigali, Rwanda Tel: 250 55110222
Email : [email protected]
9 3. CIEL Investments Sarl
P.O Box 5065
Kigali, Rwanda 9 4. Eco & Partner Consult
P.O Box 23989,Kampala Uganda
Tel: 256- 077669601
[email protected], [email protected] 9 5. Emmanuel Hakizimana
P.O Box 3655 Kigali, Rwanda
[email protected] 9 6. Francis Gathigi Kage
P.O Box 28260 Nairobi, Kenya [email protected] 9 7. Theonestina Kaiza –
Boshe P.O Box 60136 Dar es Salaam Tanzania
Tel: 255 784463723
Email: [email protected]
125 9 8. SGS Kenya Limited
P.O Box 72118 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: 254 02 2733690 9 9. Albert Ndayitwayeko
[email protected] 9 10. Dr Fabien Twagiramungu
[email protected] 9 11. Dr. James Okot-Okumu
9 12. Environmental Intelligence (East Africa) P.O.Box 40300
Mombasa, Kenya Tel: +254-0720441387
E-mail: [email protected] 9 13. SODEGE Sarl
[email protected] 9 14. APEIR
9 15. Green And Clean Solutions Ltd
[email protected] , [email protected]
9 16. Antoine Ntibikunda [email protected]
9 17. Eco-Excellence Consultant
[email protected] , [email protected]
9 18. ALN Consultants S.A.R.L.
Alexis Dusabe
9 19. Déogratias Muhirwa [email protected]\
126 9 20. Emmanuel Muligirwa
[email protected]; [email protected]
9 21. Green World Consult Ltd [email protected] 9 22. Green Eco Consultants Limited
[email protected] 9 23. Alexis Gakuba
9 24. Jane Bochaberi Nyakang’o jnyakang’[email protected] ; [email protected]
P.O. Box 633-00200 City Square, Nairobi
127 APPENDIX 2: Questionnaire
UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL, WESTVILLE CAMPUS SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
QUESTIONNAIRE: An assessment of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedures and challenges faced by environmental officers in EIA implementation
in Rwanda All responses will be treated confidentially
A. RESPONDENT’S IDENTIFICATION
1. First Name (optional): ………
2. Surname (optional): ……….
3. Institution: ………
4. Job title: ………
5. What responsibilities does your current job include?
………
………
………
………
………
B. RESPONDENT’S QUALIFICATION AND EXPERIENCE 1. What is your level of education?
Advanced level 1
Bachelor’s degree 2 Post graduate diploma 3
Master’s degree 4
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 5
2. How would you describe the relationship between what you studied and your job requirement?
Strongly related 1
Related 2
Not related 3
128
3. How many professional training (workshops, seminars, etc) have you attended?
None 1 1-5 2 6-10 3 11-15 4
16 and 5
4. If any, what did the training specifically involve/cover?
………
………
………
………
………
………
………
5. How was those trainings related to EIA?
Strongly related 1
Related 2
Not related 3
6. How long (in years) have you been working in the current job?
>1 1 1-2 2 3-4 3 4-6 4
7 and over 5
129 C. RESPONDENT’S SKILLS GAPS
1. How effective are you with the following skills relevant to the EIA process?
Strongly effective Effective Neutral Ineffective Strongly ineffective No option
1. Computer literacy (Microsoft office Word, Excel and power point)
1 2 3 4 5 6 2. Using GIS and remote sensing software 1 2 3 4 5 6
3. Language skills (English) 1 2 3 4 5 6
4. Public participation facilitation 1 2 3 4 5 6
5. Integration of technical and social concerns in the EIA report review
1 2 3 4 5 6 6. Impact prediction and assessment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. Mitigation measures and alternative
formulation
1 2 3 4 5 6
8. Ability to review documents 1 2 3 4 5 6
9. Monitoring and evaluation skills 1 2 3 4 5 6
10. Understanding project management 1 2 3 4 5 6
11. Customer care skills 1 2 3 4 5 6
D. EFFECTIVENESS OF EIA PRACTICE IN RWANDA
1. What do you think that is the relationship between developers and their consultants generally?
Developers provide enough information and follow-up Yes No Developers hire a consultant and wait for the decision
without any follow-up.
Yes No Regular meeting with developers, consultant and
authority
Yes No Developers do not know anything about EIA Yes No
130
2. Most of the developers submit their projects to the authority because of the following reasons (you are welcome to provide multiple responses):
To fulfill the requirements of getting loans from local banks 1 To fulfill the requirements to be financed by international funds 2 To obtain land title and building authorization from the district
Authority
3 To comply voluntarily with environmental organic law 4
Others (specify) 5
3. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements?
Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree No option
1. Most of the terms of References of EIA studies are prepared by the authority
1 2 3 4 5 6 2. Different specialists in different domains
intervene in EIA studies
1 2 3 4 5 6 3. The process of EIA report review respect
the time provided by the law (10 days)
1 2 3 4 5 6 4. Impact monitoring is often carried out after
project approval
1 2 3 4 5 6 5. There are adequate appeal mechanisms 1 2 3 4 5 6 6. All steps of EIA provided by the law are
respected
1 2 3 4 5 6 7. Environmental audit is regularly carried out
by the authority
1 2 3 4 5 6
4. Most of the EIAs are carried out at the following stage of the project (choose one).
During the planning stage of the project 1
During the implementation of the project 2
After the implementation of the project 3
131
5. Are Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) processes conducted?
Yes No 1 2
6. If yes, what is the importance of undertaking SEAs?
………
………
7. If no, why are they not conducted?
………
………
8. What types of projects do you generally get involved in relation to EIAs?
………
………
………
9. Public participation
a. Is there any public involvement in the EIA process?
Yes No 1 2
b. If yes, at which stages of the EIA process (you are welcome to provide multiple responses)?
Screening 1 Scoping 2
Assessing and mitigation 3
Reviewing and decision-making 4
Monitoring 5 c. How is the public encouraged to participate in EIA processes?
………
………
………
132
d. How effectively do you think the affected and interested people are participating in the EIA process?
Strongly effective
Effective Neutral Ineffective Strongly ineffective
No option
1 2 3 4 5 6 10. Involvement of stakeholders in the EIA process.
a. Who generally are the main stakeholders you engage with and why?
………
………
b. To what extent do you agree or disagree that affected and interested people are considered as stakeholders in the EIA process?
Strongly agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
disagree
No option
1 2 3 4 5 6 c. To what extent do you agree or disagree that a developer is considered as a
stakeholder in the EIA process?
Strongly agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
disagree
No option
1 2 3 4 5 6 11. Policy
a. Which policies do you think impact on the EIA process in Rwanda?
………
………
………
b. Are you familiar with the legal framework and policies (including recent changes) relating to EIAs in Rwanda?
Yes No 1 2
133
b. What are the policy challenges or gaps regarding EIA?
………
………
………
12. What do you think are the responsibilities of government in relation to EIAs?
………
………
………...
13. At what extent do you agree with the following main challenges of Environmental officers?
Strongly Agree Agree Neutral disagree Strongly disagree No option
1. Insufficient baseline data. 1 2 3 4 5 6
2. Shortage of staff in the department of EIA 1 2 3 4 5 6 3. Lack of adequate materials in the
department
1 2 3 4 5 6 4. Lack of political will of decision makers 1 2 3 4 5 6 5. Developers consider EIA as a barrier to
their projects
1 2 3 4 5 6 6. Priority of the country is development rather
than environmental protection.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7. EIA being reactive rather than being
proactive process
1 2 3 4 5 6 8. Inability to predict cumulative impacts 1 2 3 4 5 6 9. Decisions are not based on the
environmental officer’s comments.
1 2 3 4 5 6 10. Misunderstanding between environmental
officers and local authorities.
1 2 3 4 5 6 11. Shortage of funding to pursue EIA 1 2 3 4 5 6 12. Lack of training for environmental officers 1 2 3 4 5 6 13. Poor environmental awareness in the
country
1 2 3 4 5 6 Thank you for your cooperation!!!