50
3.4.1 Secondary data
According to (Johnston, 2014:619) “secondary data is data that was collected by someone else.”
There are many advantages to collecting analysing secondary data include developing an understanding of variables to which a researcher may otherwise not have access (Xu, et al.
2016:137). Alshenqeeti (2014:39) contends that secondary data analysis is powerful in prompting narrative data that permits the inquirer to probe people’s views in-depth. The Researcher surveyed secondary data for analysis. According to (Johnston, 2014:619) the use of secondary data provides an alternative for researchers who have limited resources and time. Documents such as memoranda, policies, minutes of meetings, evaluation reports and other reports were reviewed.
Yin (2014:105) argues that archival records, interviews, direct observations, documentation such as reports, participant-observation are commonly used in case study research. The researcher subsequently triangulated data from the multiple sources mentioned above as shown in Chapter Four, section 4.4. This is supported by Yin’s (2014:120) argument that the “use of multiple sources of evidence in a case study research allows a researcher to address a broader range of historical and behavioural issues, the importance of which is the development of converging lines of inquiry.”
Noble (2018:37) suggests that online searches could be conducted through a series of steps. In this study, the researcher used various academic search engines such as Wiley, Taylor and Francis Online, Google Scholar, Research space and Web of Science to search for keywords such as
‘agriculture’, ‘climate change’, ‘rural development’ and ‘policy implementation.’ The researcher collected policies requested from the DRDLR through the gatekeepers’ letter authored by the Director-General of the Department.
51
The researcher used a semi-structured interview guide to collect data from key person interviews appended herein attached as Annexure A The tool contained four parts, namely; Part A community climate, Part B governance structures, Part C One Household One Hectare Programme and Part D social cohesion. Once data were collected the researcher created participant codes which are discussed next.
3.5.1.1 Participant Codes
The Researcher created codes to protect the identity of the participants in compliance with the University’s Ethical Clearance Code. Table 3.1 consist of codes used in this study.
Table 3.1: Participant Codes Code Description
FU Farmer in Umhlabawethu project FF Farmer in Future project
FSS Farmer in Sukuma Senze project
PO Project Officer of the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform
ME Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist
Table 3.1 illustrates the codes used in this study and the description of the codes to appraise the reader.
3.5.1.2 Interview Schedule
Table 3.2 illustrates the schedule of key person interviews:- Table 3.2: Summary of the interview schedule
No. Data code
Location and venue of the interview Duration Date 1. FU2 Empangeni, uMhlabawethu Farm (in
researcher’s car)
26:02 29/08/2019 2. FU1 Empangeni, uMhlabawethu Farm (in
researcher’s car)
09:48 29/08/2019 3. FF1 Jozini, Future Project Site (in
researcher’s car)
16:08 15/08/2019 4. FF2 Jozini, Future Project Site (in
researcher’s car).
14:30 15/08/2019 5. FSS1 Jozini, Sukuma Senze Farm (under a
tree).
20:32 05/09/2019 6. FSE1 Mkhuze, Sibuyelekhaya Farm Office. 18:39 12/09/2019 7. FSE2 Mkhuze, Sibuyele ekhaya Farm Office
Boardroom.
12:23 12/09/2019
8. PO4 Richards bay Office 15:32 16/10/2019
9. PO2 Richards Bay, in my office 29:57 13/09/2019 10. PO1 Richards Bay, inside the official’s office 12:34 13/09/2019
52 No. Data
code
Location and venue of the interview Duration Date 11. PO3 Richards Bay, inside the official’s office 28:40 26/09/2019 12. ME1 Richards Bay, inside the official’s office 31:38 16/10/2019 13. ME2 Richards Bay, inside the official’s office 23:55 16/10/2019
As Table 6.1 shows, fourtheen interviews were conducted face-to-face lasting between 9 -32 minutes consisting of key persons’ such as Famers, Project Officers and M & E Specialists. All interviews were conducted at a mutually suitable time and location, usually in the project/field or office of the interviewer or interviewee. However, one farmer declined the interview which lowered the sample size from 14 to 13, details are discussed under 3.12 regarding limitations of the study. The semi-structured key person interviews which were audio-recorded and transcribed.
Table 6.1 illustrates that interviews were conducted at locations and venues convenient to the interviewees. The table contains participant codes as defined in 5.1. The table illustrates the farmer code, site of the interview, and a number of minutes the interview took and the date of the interview.
3.5.2 Secondary data
According to (Johnston, 2014:619) “secondary data is data that was collected by someone else.”
Alshenqeeti (2014:39) contends that secondary data analysis is powerful in prompting narrative data that permits the inquirer to probe people’s views in-depth. The Researcher surveyed secondary data for analysis. According to (Johnston, 2014:619) the use of secondary data provides an alternative for researchers who have limited resources and time documents such as memorandums, policies, minutes of meetings, evaluation reports and other reports will be reviewed. Yin (2014:105) argues that archival records, interviews, direct observations, documentation such as reports, participant-observation are commonly used in case study research.
The researcher would triangulate data from the multiple sources mentioned above. This is supported by Yin’s (2014:120) argument that the “use of multiple sources of evidence in a case study research allows a researcher to address a broader range of historical and behavioural issues, the importance of which is the development of converging lines of inquiry.”
Noble (2018:37) suggests that online searches could be conducted through a series of steps. In this study, the researcher used various academic search engines such as Wiley, Taylor and Francis Online, Google Scholar, Research space and Web of Science to search for keywords such as
‘agriculture’, ‘climate change’, ‘rural development’ and ‘policy implementation.’ These policies were requested from the DRDLR through the gatekeepers’ letter authored by the Director- General of the Department. Journals and books were accessed through the University library
53
using its varied platforms. The researcher also conducted face-to-face qualitative interviews with a purposively sampled population (14) and collected qualitative documents such as the reports.