CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
4. Introduction
4.2. Descriptive Statistics
72 as a component. This not being very unheard of in a South African data set. However, what has been suggested in literature is referring and investigating whether this can be related to helping behaviour or in other terms ‘Civic Virtue’. Combatively in this research, 65% of the variance in the scale has been drawn from only one factor and therefore for the purposes of this research and for the reflection of current research only one factor has been drawn for this research and labelled Civic Virtue.
73 psychometric properties of psychological capital reported the Cronbach’s alpha on a recent South Africa sample as α=.91, this is relevant in this case as it is similar to the recorded total α=.852.
Overall, this indicates that this is relatively reliable measure in relation to this scale. This comfortably meeting the ≥0.70 cut-off standard as well as being relevant in comparison to similar studies.
Table 3. Descriptive Statistics for Psychological Capital
Mean Range SD SK Kurtosis Alpha
(α)
Min Max
Hope 23.95 7 30 3.75 -.923 1.90 .82
Optimism 22.58 5 30 4.03 -.963 1.75 .796
Resilience 26.39 9 36 5.37 -.610 .240 .796
Self- Efficacy
22.74 6 30 4.69 -.777 .367 .74
Total 95.67 32 106 14.99 -.775 1.037 .852
Note: SK = Skewedness; SD = Standard Deviation
The average range of self-efficacy total range from 6-30 (M=22.74, SD= 4.69). Self-Efficacy was non-normally distributed with a skewedness of -.777 (SE=.126), and Kurtosis of .367 (SE=.251).
The study by Görgens-Ekermans and Herbert (2013) reported self-efficacy was established at α=
0.83, in relation this was reached at α=.74. This comfortably meeting the ≥0.70 cut-off standard.
The average range of hope total range from 7-30 (M=23.95, SD= 3.75). Hope was non-normally distributed with a skewedness of -.923 (SE=.126), and Kurtosis of 1.90 (SE=.251). Görgens- Ekermans and Herbert (2013) report the scale hope as α = 0.81 in relation this was reached at α = .82. Therefore indicating a relatively reliable outcome. This comfortably meeting the ≥0.70 cut- off standard.
74 The average range of optimism total range from 5-30 (M=22.58, SD= 4.03). Optimism was non- normally distributed with a skewedness of -.963 (SE=.126), and Kurtosis of 1.75 (SE=.251).
Optimism was rated as α = 0.72; optimism which was similar in this sample at α= .796. This comfortably meeting the ≥0.70 cut-off standard.
The average range of resilience total range from 9-36 (M=26.39, SD= 5.37). Resilience was non- normally distributed with a skewedness of -.610 (SE=.126), and Kurtosis of .240 (SE=.251).
Interestingly, two of the scores that are generally associated with this measure were removed prior to this analysis as they did not achieve a high enough reliability which Görgens-Ekermans and Herbert (2013) also found as there has been a similar occurrence in South African settings whereby scores in this range seem to equate to α=0.69. This may warrant further investigation as perhaps there is a value-laden reason as to why items in this range seem to show a lower reliability score.
However, those items were removed and as such an alpha of α= .79 was achieved.
Table 4. Descriptive Statistics for Organisational Citizenship Behavior
Mean Range SD SK Kurtosis Alpha
(α)
Min Max
Altruism 3.71 1 5 1.042 -.517 -.405 .793
Civic virtue 3.50 1 5 1.106 -.510 -.497 .817
Conscientiousness 3.34 1 5 .992 -.257 -.421 .752
Courtesy 3.57 1 5 .987 -.459 -.219 .807
Sportsmanship 3.47 1 5 1.072 -.431 -.458 .857
Total 17.59 5 25 4.190 -.491 -.153 .807
Note: SK = Skewedness; SD = Standard Deviation
Table 4. Presents descriptive for the Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Questionnaire (OCB- Q). The OCB-Q forms part of five dimensions within the test. These five dimensions include
75 Altruism, Civic Virtue, Conscientiousness, Sportsmanship, and Courtesy. Each item is answered using a five point response anchor numbered from one (Never) to five (always).
From the results of the descriptive statistics the total OCB-Q ranged from 5-25 (M=17.59, SD=
4.190). The total was non-normally distributed with a skewedness of -.491 (SE=.126), and Kurtosis of -.153 (SE=.251). Various studies have illustrated alpha scores on the OCB scale show as 0.78 to 0.92, which equate to a reliable statistical measure (Avey, Nimnicht, Norman, and Pigeon, 2010a).In this case the Alpha score α=.807 which both reflects other studies but equally shows an above acceptable reliability score.
The average range of altruism subscale ranged from 1-5 (M=3.71, SD= 1.042). Altruism was non- normally distributed with a skewedness of -.517 (SE=.126), and Kurtosis of -.405 (SE=.251). In this study altruism reached a comfortable reliability score α=.793.
The average range of civic virtue range from 1-5 (M=3.50, SD= 1.106). Civic Virtue was non- normally distributed with a skewedness of -.510 (SE=.126), and Kurtosis of -.497 (SE=.251). In this study civic virtue reached a comfortable reliability score α=.817.
The average range of conscientiousness range from 1-5 (M=3.34, SD=.992). Conscientiousness was non-normally distributed with a skewedness of -.257 (SE=.126), and Kurtosis of -.421 (SE=.251). This comfortably meeting the ≥0.70 cut-off standard. In this study conscientiousness reached a comfortable reliability score α=.752.
The average range of courtesy range from 1-5 (M=3.57, SD=.987). Courtesy was non-normally distributed with a skewedness of -.459 (SE=.126), and Kurtosis of -.219 (SE=.251). This comfortably meeting the ≥0.70 cut-off standard. In this study courtesy reached a comfortable reliability score α=.807.
However, for the purposes of this research the items were not identified as such for the further part of this research and were simply inputted here for descriptive power.
Table 5. Presents descriptive statistics for Psychological Climate measure. The climate measure enclosed 21 items. This being measured on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from (“1= strongly disagree” through to “7 = strongly agree”). The total of the climate score ranged from 23-129
76 (M=89.97, SD= 21.89). The total reliability score (α=.857) which comfortable meets the ≥0.70 cut-off standard.
Table 5. Descriptive Statistics for Psychological Climate measure
Mean Range SD SK Kurtosis Alpha
(α)
Min Max
Expectations 20.98 5 35 7.144 -.241 -.675 .793
Agency 30.42 6 42 8.014 -.798 .214 .817
Admiration 20.82 4 28 4.980 -.807 .708 .752
Authenticity 17.75 4 28 5.559 -.317 -.466 .807
Climate Total 89.97 23 129 21.889 -.566 -.192 .857
Note: SK = Skewedness; SD = Standard Deviation
For the Expectations scale this ranged from 5-35 (M=20.98, SD=7.144). Expectations was non- normally distributed with a skewedness of -.241 (SE=.126), and Kurtosis of -.675 (SE=.251), and a reported reliability score of α=.793 which is an acceptable score.
The average range of the agency scale was from 6-42 (M=30.42, SD=8.014). Leadership was non- normally distributed with a skewedness of -.798 (SE=.126), and Kurtosis of .214 (SE=.251), and a reported reliability score of α=.817 which is an acceptable score.
The average range for the admiration scale was from 4-28 (M=20.82, SD=4.980). Admiration was non-normally distributed with a skewedness of -.807 (SE=.126), and Kurtosis of .708 (SE=.251), and a reported reliability score of α=.752 which is an acceptable score.
Finally, the range for the authenticity scale ranged from 4-28(M=17.75, SD=5.559). Authenticity was non-normally distributed with a skewedness of -.317 (SE=.126), and Kurtosis of -.466 (SE=.251), and a reported reliability score of α=.807 which is an acceptable score.
77