The majority of participants in the surveyed communities are male, especially in the Kano State.
This justifies the need for future research to investigate the dynamics behind it and determine the implications of ISM technologies on the empowerment of women and household welfare. It can be hypothesised that ISM technologies positively contribute towards the economic empowerment of men. Furthermore, the importance of social networks in agricultural production systems and collective action also requires further investigation.
More research effort should be focused on the unique role of the different technologies that form part of the ISM and the identification of the most effective ones, particularly the IRM and the Bio- control options in rotation with legumes.
Finally, to understand the full potential impact of adopting ISM technologies, further research is needed to measure and quantify its indirect effects (e.g. on farm wages, employment and food prices as it relates to consumers), its nutritional benefits, the change in Striga levels and the severity in the production or cropping systems. The performance and efficiency of community seed producers can also be compared with the private seed companies regarding the cost of production and the accrued benefit, and the development of strategies for market penetration and value chain analysis.
REFERENCES
AATF (African Agricultural Technology Foundation). 2005. A New Bridge to Sustainable Agricultural Development in Africa. Nairobi, Kenya: African Agricultural Technology Foundation.
AATF (African Agricultural Technology Foundation). 2006. Empowering African farmers to eradicate Striga from maize croplands: annual report African Agricultural Technology Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya.
AATF (African Agricultural Technology Foundation). 2008a. Delivering the promise: impacting lives with new technologies. Nairobi, Kenya: African Agricultural Technology Foundation.
AATF (African Agricultural Technology Foundation). 2008b. Striga control in maize - managing a cereal killer, AATF project brief http://www.aatf-africa.org/userfiles/Striga-Project- brief.pdf accessed 21/02/2013. Nairobi, Kenya.
AATF (African Agricultural Technology Foundation). 2009. African Agricultural Technology Foundation : Closer to the promise from lab to field. Nairobi, Kenya. 54pp: African Agricultural Technology Foundation.
Abadie, A. 2003. Semiparametric instrumental variable estimation of treatment response models.
Journal of Econometrics 113 (2):231-263.
Adegbola, P. and Gardebroek, C. 2007. The effect of information sources on technology adoption and modification decisions. Agricultural Economics 37 (1):55-65.
Adesina, A.A. and Baidu-Forson, J. 1995. Farmers' perceptions and adoption of new agricultural technology: evidence from analysis in Burkina Faso and Guinea, West Africa. Agricultural Economics 13 (1):1-9.
Adesina, A.A., Mbila, D., Nkamleu, G.B. and Endamana, D. 2000. Econometric analysis of the determinants of adoption of alley farming by farmers in the forest zone of southwest Cameroon. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 80 (3):255-265.
Adesina, A.A. and Zinnah, M.M. 1993. Technology characteristics, farmers' perceptions and adoption decisions: A Tobit model application in Sierra Leone. Agricultural Economics 9 (4):297-311.
Adetunji, O. 2006. Creating appropriate technology as a means of waste minimization in cassava end products.
African Fertilizer Summit. 2006. Abuja declaration on fertilizer for African Green Revolution.
Ahmed, M.M., Masters, W.A. and Sanders, J.H. 1995. Returns from research in economies with policy distortions: hybrid sorghum in Sudan. Agricultural Economics 12 (2):183-192.
Akpan, S., Nkanta, V.S. and Essien, U. 2012a. A double-hurdle model of fertilizer adoption and optimum use among farmers in southern Nigeria. Tropicultura 30 (4):249-253.
Akpan, S.B., Patrick, I.V. and Udoka, S.J. 2012b. Stochastic Profit Efficiency of Homestead based Cassava Farmers in Southern Nigeria”. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 2 (3):498-505.
Albert, H. 1999. Farmers in northern Ghana and the problem of Striga, in Advances in Parasitic Weed Control at On-Farm Level, Joint Action to Control Striga in Africa Margraf Verlag, Wekersheim, Germany
Alene, A., Manyong, V., Gockowski, J., Coulibaly, O. and Abele, S. 2006. A framework for conceptualizing impact assessment and promoting impact culture in agricultural research.
IITA.
Alene, A.D. and Manyong, V. 2007. The effects of education on agricultural productivity under traditional and improved technology in northern Nigeria: an endogenous switching regression analysis. Empirical Economics 32 (1):141-159.
Alene, A.D., Poonyth, D. and Hassan, R.M. 2000. Determinants of adoption and intensity of use of improved maize varieties in the central highlands of Ethiopia: A tobit analysis. Agrekon 39 (4):633-643.
Amare, M., Asfaw, S. and Shiferaw, B. 2012. Welfare impacts of maize–pigeonpea intensification in Tanzania. Agricultural Economics 43 (1):27-43.
Amaza, P., Abdoulaye, T., Kwaghe, P. and Tegbaru, A. 2009. Changes in household food security and poverty status in PROSAB area of Southern Borno State, Nigeria. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Promoting Sustainable Agriculture in Borno State (PROSAB). IITA, Nigeria.
Amaza, P., Hassan, M., Abdoulaye, T., Kamara, A. and Oluoch, M. 2014. Mid-Term and Cost–
Benefit Study of Smallholder Farmers in Striga-Infested Maize and Cowpea Growing Areas of Northern Nigeria. Ibadan, Nigeria: IITA.
Amaza, P.S., Olayemi, J.K., Adejobi, A.O., Bila, Y. and Iheanacho, A. 2007. Baseline socioeconomic survey report: agriculture in Borno State. Ibadan: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.
Amudavi, D., Khan, Z., Midega, C., Pickett, J., Lynam, J. and Pittchar, J. Push-pull technology and determinants influencing expansion among smallholder producers in Western Kenya.
Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference, Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education, Costa Rica, 2008. 38-50.
Amusan, I.O., Rich, P.J., Menkir, A., Housley, T. and Ejeta, G. 2008. Resistance to Striga hermonthica in a maize inbred line derived from Zea diploperennis. New Phytologist 178 (1):157-166.
Anim, F. 2008. Cattle owners’ willingness to pay for extension services in South Africa. Journal of Extension Systems 24 (1):31-43.
Antle, J.M. 1987. Econometric estimation of producers' risk attitudes. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 69 (3):509-522.
Araar, A. and Duclos, J. 2012. DASP: Distributive Analysis Stata Package. Université Laval PEP.
Arslan, A., McCarthy, N., Lipper, L., Asfaw, S. and Cattaneo, A. 2014. Adoption and intensity of adoption of conservation farming practices in Zambia. Agriculture, Ecosystems &
Environment 187:72-86.
Asfaw, S. 2010. Estimating welfare effect of modern agricultural technologies: A micro- perspective from Tanzania and Ethiopia. Available at: http://www. chronicpoverty.
org/uploads/publication_files/asfaw_agricultural_technologie s. pdf [Accessed 23 June 2013].
Asfaw, S., Shiferaw, B., Simtowe, F., Muricho, G., Abate, T. and Ferede, S. 2010. Socio-economic Assessment of Legume Production, Farmer Technology Choice, Market Linkages, Institutions and Poverty in Rural Ethiopia: Institutions, Markets, Policy and Impacts Research Report No. 3. Field Crops Research 36 (2):103-111.
Asfaw, S., Kassie, M., Simtowe, F. and Lipper, L. 2012a. Poverty reduction effects of agricultural technology adoption: a micro-evidence from rural Tanzania. Journal of Development Studies 48 (9):1288-1305.
Asfaw, S., McCarthy, N., Lipper, L., Arslan, A., Cattaneo, A. and Kachulu, M. 2014. Climate variability, adaptation strategies and food security in Malawi. ESA Working Paper.
Asfaw, S., Shiferaw, B., Simtowe, F. and Haile, M.G. 2011. Agricultural technology adoption, seed access constraints and commercialization in Ethiopia. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics 3 (9):436-477.
Asfaw, S., Shiferaw, B., Simtowe, F. and Lipper, L. 2012b. Impact of modern agricultural technologies on smallholder welfare: Evidence from Tanzania and Ethiopia. Food Policy 37 (3):283-295.
Awotide, B.A., Alene, A.D., Abdoulaye, T. and Manyong, V.M. 2015. Impact of agricultural technology adoption on asset ownership: the case of improved cassava varieties in Nigeria.
Food Security 7 (6):1239-1258.
Awotide, B.A., Diagne, A., Wiredu, A.N. and Ojehomon, V.E. 2012. Wealth status and agricultural technology adoption among smallholder rice farmers in Nigeria. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development 5 (2):97-108.
Babbie, E.R. 2009. The practice of social research 12th Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Badu-Apraku, B., Fakorede, M., Menkir, A. and Sanogo, D. 2012. Conduct and management of maize field trials. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Baidu-Forson, J. 1999. Factors influencing adoption of land-enhancing technology in the Sahel:
lessons from a case study in Niger. Agricultural Economics 20 (3):231-239.
Bandiera, O. and Rasul, I. 2006. Social networks and technology adoption in northern mozambique. The Economic Journal 116 (514):869-902.
Becerril, J. and Abdulai, A. 2010. The impact of improved maize varieties on poverty in Mexico:
a propensity score-matching approach. World Development 38 (7):1024-1035.
Bernard, M., Hellin, J., Nyikal, R. and Mburu, J. Determinants for use of certified maize seed and the relative importance of transaction costs. Joint 3rd African Association of Agricultural Economists and 48 th Agricultural Economists Association of South Africa Conference.
Cape Town, South Africa, September, 2010. 19-23.
Berner, D., Winslow, M., Awad, A., Cardwell, K., Mohan Raj, D. and Kim, S. 1997. Sustainable control of S. hermonthica spp. through a focused integrated pest management programme.
Contributing to food selfsufficiency: maize research and development in West and Central Africa. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria. p:1-11.
Besley, T. and Case, A. 1993. Modeling technology adoption in developing countries. The American Economic Review 83(2) 396-402.
Blundell, R. and Costa Dias, M. 2000. Evaluation methods for non‐experimental data. Fiscal Studies 21 (4):427-468.
Bokanga, M. 1960. Adoption of new ideas and practices. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, USA. 235p.
Bourdillon, M., Hebinck, P., Hoddinott, J., Kinsey, B., Marondo, J., Mudege, N. and Owens, T.
2003. Assessing the impact of high-yielding varieties of maize in resettlement areas of Zimbabwe. International Food Policy Research Institute, FCND:161.
BSADP (Bauchi State Agricultural Development Programme). 2003. Annual Report. Bauchi:
Bauchi State Agricultural Development Programme
Byerlee, D. and Eicher, C.K. 1997. Africa's emerging maize revolution. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Byerlee, D. and Heisey, P.W. 1996. Past and potential impacts of maize research in sub-Saharan Africa: a critical assessment. Food Policy 21 (3):255-277.
Carsky, R., Berner, D., Oyewole, B., Dashiell, K. and Schulz, S. 2000. Reduction of Striga hermonthica parasitism on maize using soybean rotation. International Journal of Pest Management 46 (2):115-120.
Carsky, R., Singh, L. and Ndikawa, R. 1994. Suppression of Striga hermonthica on sorghum using a cowpea intercrop. Experimental Agriculture 30 (03):349-358.
Carter, D.W. and Milon, J.W. 2005. Price knowledge in household demand for utility services.
Land Economics 81 (2):265-283.
Casley, D.J. and Lury, D.A. 1982. Monitoring and evaluation of agriculture and rural development projects. World Bank Washington DC.
Cavatassi, R., Lipper, L. and Narloch, U. 2011. Modern variety adoption and risk management in drought prone areas: insights from the sorghum farmers of eastern Ethiopia. Agricultural Economics 42 (3):279-292.
Cechin, I. and Press, M.C. 1994. The influence of nitrogen on growth and photosynthesis of sorghum infected with Striga hermonthica from different provenances Weed Research 34:289-298.
Chikoye, D., Ellis-Jones, J., Tarawali, G. and Lum, A.F.C., 2004.. Reducing Poverty through Improved Striga Control. Proceedings of the second Striga management stakeholders'. 8–
9 September 2004, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. 120.
Chilot, Y., Shapiro, B.I. and Mulat, D. 1998. Factors influencing adoption of new wheat technologies in Walmart and Addis Alem areas of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Economics 1 (1):63-64.
CIMMYT. 2004. Striga weed control with herbicide-coated maize seed. Texcoco, Mexico:
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center.
Coelli, T.J. and Battese, G.E. 1996. Identification of factors which influence the technical inefficiency of Indian farmers. Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics 40 (2):103- 128.
Cornejo, J.F. and McBridge, W.D. 2002. In Helder Lopes (2010) Adoption of Improved maize and common bean varieties in Mozambique. Master's, Michigan State University.
Daily Times Newspaper: http://dailytimes.com.ng/article/nigeria-raise-maize-production-12- million-tons-annually accessed on 28/02/2013
Dashiell, K., Di Umba, U., Kling, J., Melake-Berhan, A. and Berner, D. 2000. Breeding for integrated management of Striga hermonthica. Breeding for Striga Resistance in Cereals 273281.
De Groot, H. 2007. Striga economicsIn. In: Ejeta, G., Gressel, J. (Eds.) (ed.) Integrating New Technologies for Striga Control. London, UK: World Scientific Co. Ltd.
De Groote, H., Wangare, L. and Kanampiu, F. 2007. Evaluating the use of herbicide-coated imidazolinone-resistant (IR) maize seeds to control Striga in farmers’ fields in Kenya. Crop Protection 26 (10):1496-1506.
De Groote, H., Wangare, L., Kanampiu, F., Odendo, M., Diallo, A., Karaya, H. and Friesen, D.
2008. The potential of a herbicide resistant maize technology for Striga control in Africa.
Agricultural Systems 97 (1):83-94.
De Janvry, A., Dustan, A. and Sadoulet, E. 2010. Recent advances in impact analysis methods for ex-post impact assessments of agricultural technology: Options for the CGIAR.
Unpublished working paper, University of California-Berkeley.
De Janvry, A. and Sadoulet, E. 2001. Income strategies among rural households in Mexico: The role of off-farm activities. World Development 29 (3):467-480.
De Janvry, A. and Sadoulet, E. 2002. World poverty and the role of agricultural technology: direct and indirect effects. Journal of Development Studies 38 (4):1-26.