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Development of resistance by fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) to Cry proteins in Bt maize

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Academic year: 2023

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Figure  2.1.  Diagram  illustrating  the  process  of  how  the  two  field-collected  parental  generations  of  Spodoptera  frugiperda  were  divided  into  three  separate  feeding  groups  on  different  maize  varieties  and  combined  into  a  single
Table  2.1.  Mean  (±  SE)  larval  and  pupal  duration  periods  and  pupal  mass  of  the  respective feeding groups after 9 generations of rearing on non-Bt maize and two Bt  maize varieties
Figure 2.2. Size difference in pupae from the non-Bt maize (bottom) and MON89034  maize (top) feeding groups
Table  2.2.  Mean  (±  SE)  larval  duration  and  larval  survival  of  Spodoptera  frugipera  over  nine  generations  of  rearing  on  three  different maize varieties (feeding groups)
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This double burden of malnutrition is worrying due to its impact on children’s development and the risk of non-communicable diseases later in life.1,2The low-diversity maize-based diet