References
CrOln, J, (1981), "Improvcd f;-aclOred method gives better preliminary cost estimates", Chemical
EllgilleCl"ill~, Vol. 88, No. 7, 65-79.
DECHEMA Data Base CD. (1999), "Pure Componcnt Propcnic.s and Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium Data". Frankfurt.
Dcvyalikh, G G. (1981), as reported by Monu'i et al [ 1994].
Dye, S R & Ng. K M, (1995), "Fractional Cryst;-alliz<ltion: Design AlIcmalivcs and Tradcoffs", AlIl('riclIn IlISri flirt' of Chemical Engineers JO/(/"IIal, Vol. 4 I . No. I I. 2427-2438.
Erbar, J H & Maddox, R N, (1961), as rcported by Kistcr [1992].
Eduljce, H E. (1975). "Equations Replace Gilliland Plot". Hytlroca""fl/l PmceHill/:, Vel. 54, No. 9.
120-122.
ElIerbc, R \\'. (1980), "Stcam Distillation Basics", Chemical Ellgillcerillg Maga;.ille, Sepa/"mioll Tl'C·hlliql/l'.\· I.- Liqllid-Liqllid Sysl(,II/.~. 12-19.
Fair, JR. Chapter 5, "Distillation", in Rousseau. R W. (1987), I-/tllulhook of Seponuioll Process Tcchllo/(Jg\', \Vik)' Interscicnce. New York.
Fenskc. M R. (1932). "Fractionation of Straight-Run Pennsylvania Gasoline", 1lUllfSr,-ial &
Ellgineeril1,!: Cllcmi.m:\'. Vol. 28. 482-485.
Furlongc. H I. Pantc\idcs. C C. Sorenscn, (1999). "Optimal Operation of Muhivcsscl Bntch Di.st; II aI ion Col u Illn~", A IIIU;C{l/l Institute of Chemical Engineers lOll I"/Ial. Vo\. 45, No. 7, 78 1-790.
Fredunslund. A. Gmchling. J, Rasmllssen, p, (1977). "Vapor·Liquid Equilibrium llsing UNIFAC", Elsevier. Amsterdam.
Gcankoplis, G J. (1997). "Transport Processes and Unit Operations", 3'! cd .. Prentice Hall or India.
New Delhi.
113
References
Gillct. R. Jcanncsson p. sermoui H, Gllcrin. L M. Kirkiacharian. S. Jardillier. J C, Pieri, F. (1997).
"Short Communication: Piperazine Derivatives of Butyric Acid as Differentiating Agents in Human LCllkemic Cells". Cal/cer ehell/mhl'mpy will Pharmacology iOllrllal. Vol. 41, No. 3, 252-255.
Gillil:lnd, E R, (1940). "Multicomponent Rectification: Estimation of Number of Plme~ as a Function of Reflux Ratio", IlIdllslria/ & Ellgillurillg CI/clI/is1I)'. Vol. 32.1220-1223.
Gironl, F, jvlarocchino, A. Marrelli, L, (198 I), "Vapour-Liquid Equilibria of the Formic Acid- Dimclhylformamide System", iOllmal o/Chelllical Engineerillg D{/f{/. Vol. 26, 370-374.
Gmchling, J & Onken, U, (1977), "Vapour-Liquid Equilibriulll Data Collection, Organic Hydroxy
Compounds: Alcohols", Vol. I, Part 2a. DECHEMA, Frankfurt/Main.
Ha)a, E. Pick. 1. Fried, V, Vilim. O. (1967). "Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium", 2'''1 eel., Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Hart. M. (1991), "Org.mic Chemistry: A Short Course", S'II cd., Houghton Mifnin Comp;my.
Bost0n.
Harris. R A. (2001), "Monoethanolamine: Suitability as an Extractivc Solvent". MSc. Thesis.
University of Natal. South Africa.
Haydcn. J G & O·Conel!. J P. (1975). "A Gl:.'neralizecl Method for Predicting Second Virial Coefficicnt:-". JIlc/lIsrri(lJ (lml Enginel'ring Cltl'lIIisl1)" Process Dcsign (llld De\'e/opml'lII. Vol. 14, 209-216.
Heist. J A. (I 980). "Freeze Crystn 11 i zat ion", Chemical Ellgineerillg Ma[;azi lie, Sepa rarion
References
Holland, C 0, (1981), "Fundamcntrtls of Multicomponcnt Distillation", McGraw-Hill Inc" New York.
Jakob, A, Joh, R. Rose, C. Gmehling, J, (1995). "Solid-Liquid Equilibria in Binary Mixtures of Organic Compouncb", Fluiti Phase Eqllilihrin, Vol. I 13. 117-1 26 .
.Ioseph, M A. (2001), "Computer-Aided Measurement of Vapour-Liquid Eql1ilibria in a Dynamic Still at Sub-Atmospheric Pressures, MSc, Thesis, University of Natal. South Africa,
Joseph, M A, Raal. J D, Ramjugernath, 0, (2001), "Phase EC]uilibril1m Properties of Binary Systems with Diacctyl from ;1 Computer Controlled Vapour-Liquid EC]uilibriulll $till", Fluid Plws(' Equilibria. Vol. 128, 157-176.
Kcllcr, G E. (1987), "Separations: New Directions for an Old Field", AmeriC{/1/ IIISlill/le of Chi'miclIl Ellgilli'l'rS MOllograph Series. Vol. 45. No. 7. 781-790.
Kcrtes, A S. Tamada, J A, King, C J, (1990), "Extraction of Carboxylic Acids with Amine Extractallls". I"tiustrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 29, 1319-1326.
Kene~, A 5 & King. C J, (1986), as reponed by Kcnes et <11 [1990].
King, CJ, (1971), "Scpamtion Processes", McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York.
K irkbridg\.', C G, ( 1944), as reported by Kister [1992].
Kister, H Z, (1992). "Distillation Dl!sign", McGraw Hill Inc., New Yor\..:.
Kneisl. p, Zondlo. J \V, Wallace. B W, (1989), 'The Effect of Fluid Propertics on Ebbulliomcter Operation". Flllid Phase Eqllilibria, Vol. 46, 85-94,
Kojima, K & Tochigi. K, (1979), "Prediction of Vapor-Liquid EC]uilibria by the ASOG Method", Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, AmSlerdam.
115
Rererences
Lipowicz, M, (1981), 'Three-Phase Fractionation Yields Superpure Products", Chemical Engilleering, Vol. 88, No. 9, 38-39.
McCabe, \V L. Thiele. E W, (1925), "Graphic.1I Design of Fractionating Columns", Il/dllstr;al &
ElIginel'I"ing Chemistry, Vol. 17,605-611.
Mor;lClw".,ky. A G & Zharov, V T, (1963),2/1/11"1/01 Prik/o(/noi Khim;;, \'01. 36, p 2771 as reported by Gmchhng & Onken (1977).
Morari. M, Mcski, G A, Kiva, V N, Davidyan, A G. (1994), "Batch Distillation in a Column with a Middle Vc'sd", CIIl'micaf EllghwC'rillg Scicl/l'{'. Vol. 49, No. 18, 3033-3051.
Muir. R F & Howal, C S, (1982). "Predicting Solid-Liquid Equilibrium Data from Vapor-Liquid Data", Chemical ElIgillcl'ring, Vol. 89. No. 11.89-92.
Mulet. A. Corropia, A B & Evans, L B, (1981), "Estimatc Costs of Distillation and Absorption Towers via Correlation", Chi'mical Engilleering, Vol. 88, No.26, 77-80,82.
Mullin, J W. (1961). "Crystallization", Butterwonhs, London.
Mutsllok;1. M & Fukushima, 1-1. (1986), as reported by Wynn [1992].
Nadgir, V M, & Lilt, Y A. (1983), "Studies in Chemical Proccss Design and Synthesis: Part V: A Simpk I-kuristic Method for Systematic Synthesis of Initial Sequences for Multicomponcnt SeparatIons'". Am('riCOII IIIStiWf(' alChemical EII~im'e,.s )ol/mal, Vol. 29. No. 6, 926-934.
Nath, R & MOIard, R L. (1981), "Evolutionary Synthesis of Separation Processes", Americall
References
Nelson, R A. Olson, H J, Sandler, S I, (1983), "Sensitivity of Distillntion Process Design and Opemtion to Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium Dntu" , Indlls/rial mul Engineering ChemisTry, Process Design (Iml Dcvelopmtlllf, Vol. 22, 547-552.
Nothnagel. K H, Abrallls. D S, Prausnitz, J M, (1973), "Generalized CorTelatlon for Fugacity Coefficients in Mixtures at Modenue Pressures: Application of Chemiclll Theory of Vapour Imperfections", Indll,\'/rial mill EllgilleC'ring Chemi:my Process Design and D{'ve/oplllellf, Vol. 12, No, 1,25-35.
Null H R, Chapter 22, "Selection of a Separation Process", in Rousseau, R \V, (1987), Handbook of Separation Process Technology, \Vilcy Interscicllce, New York.
Null. H R & K ['ugCI', R E, ( I 980), "Phase Equilibriulll in Process Design", Wiley-Interscience. New York.
Nl1IL H R, (1980), "Energy Economy in Separation Processes", Clll'lIIicaf EngilleC'rillg Progress, Vol. 76,42-49.
Ott, B J, GO;ltI::5, J R, Lamb, J D, (1972), "Solid-Liqu,id Phase Equilibria in Water + Ethylene Glycol". Journal of efli'lI/ieal 71lermodYllllllfics, Vol. 4. 123-126.
Pcridis. S, Magoulas. K. Tassio$, D. (1993), "Sensitivity of Distillation Column to Uncertainties in Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium Information", SeparaTion Sciel/('{' {//U/ Techllology. Vol. 28, No. 9, 1753-1767.
Perry. R H & Green, I) W. (1997), "Perry'~ Chemical Engineers' Handbook", 7'" cd., McGrnw-Hill.
New York.
Prausnitz, J M. Andcrson. T F. Grens, E A, Eden, C A, Hseih, R. O'Conne!. J P (1980),
"Computer Calculations for Muhicomponent Vapor-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid Equilibria".
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs. NJ.
117
References
Pral1snitz. J M. Lichtenth::aler, R N, Gomes de Azevcdo, E. (1986). "Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid Ph::ase Equilibria", 2 .... ed., Prenticc-HalL Englcwood Cliffs. NJ.
Pricc. C J, (1997). "Takc Some Solid Steps to Improve Crystallizntion", Chemi('{l/ ElIgillecring Progress. Vol. 93. 34-43.
Raal. J D. Mi:i hlbauer. A L. ( 1998). "Phasl.! Equilibria: MCil~tlrement and Computation", Taylor and Frnnci:-. Bristol PA.
Reid. RC, Prausnitz. J M, Poling. B E. (1987). "The Propenies of Gases and Liquids", 4th ed ..
McGraw-Hill Inc .. New York.
Robin:-.on. C S & Gilliland. E R, (1950). "Elements of Fr<lclionai Distillation", 4'h ceL. McGraw-Hil1 Book Company. New York.
Rose. L M. ([985), "Distillation Design in Practice". Elscvier Publishin£ Company. Amsterdam.
Rousseall, R \V, (1987). "Handbook of Separation Process Technology". \Vile)' Interscience, New York.
ROll~scall. R \V & Moyers. C G. Chapter 11. "Crystallization Operations" in Rousseau. R W. (1987). J-/wu/hnok of Scpararion Process Tecllll%g.'". Wile)' Intcrscicncf'. New York.
Russcl. R A. (1983). "A Flexible ilnd Reliable Method Solves Single-Tower and Crude-Distillation- Column Problems". Chemical Ellgillcl'I"illg. Vol. 90. No. 20. 53-59.
Safrit. B T. (1996). "Synthesis of Azeotropic Batch Distillation S)'stern~". Ph.D. Thesi!', Camegie
Jl.cfcrenccs
Seader, J D & Westerberg, A W. (1977). "A Combined Hcuristic and Evolutionary Strategy for the Synthcsis of Simple Separation Processes", AlIIcric;ClII Jllslilule ojChcl1Iiccil Engineers journal, Vol.
23, No. 6, 951 ~ 954.
SinI1O(, R K. (1993), "COlllson and Richardson's Chemicn! Engineering Design", 2'''' ed., Vol. 6, BlItterworth Hcinemann, Oxford.
Smoker & Rose. (1940). as reported by Perry & Greel1 [1997].
Smilh. J M & Van Ness. H C, (1987), "Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics".
4'h ed .. McGraw Hill, Singapore.
Talllir, A & Wisniak, J. (1975), "Vapour-Liquid Equilibria III Associnting Solutions", Chemical EllgillC'er;ng Sdellc(', Vol. 30. 335~342.
Tamir. A & Wisniak, J, (1976). "Association Effects 111 Ternary Vapour-Liquid Equilbria", Chcmical Dll:iJll'cring Scil'lIce. Vol. 31. 625-630.
Tamir. A & Wisniak, J, (1982). "Vapour~Liquid Equilibrium in the Systems Propyl Bromide-Acetic Acid. Propyl Bromidc~Propionic Acid and Propyl Bromide~Acetic Acid-Propionic Acid", jO/l/'llal ojChclllical £lIgill('('rilll: Dara. Vol. 27. 430-435.
Tammann. G. (1989), as reported by Weissberger [1956].
Timmcrhaus. K D & Peters. M S. (1981). "Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers".
J'" cd .. McGr,l\\- Hill Inc .. Singapore.
Treybal. R E. (1980), "Mas~ Transfer Operations". McGraw~Hill Inc .. Auckland.
Underwood. A J V, (1948) as reported by Kister [1992].
Van Ness, H C, (1959). "Exact Forms of the Unrestricted Gibbs~Duhcm Equation", Chemical Ellgineering SCit'lICC, Vol. 10.225-228.
119
References
Van Ness, H C. (1995). "Thermodynamics in the Treatment of Vapor/Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) Data", Pure ami Applied ChelllisfI)" Vol. 67, No. 6. 859·872.
Viola. J L. (198!). "Estimate capital costs via a new shortcut method·'. Chemical Engilleering. Vol.
88. No.7. 80·86.
\Vnlas. S M. (1985). ';Phase Equilibria in Chemical Engineering·'. Bullcrworth Publishers. Boston.
Weast. R C, (1983). "Handbook of Chemistry and Physics", 641h ed .. CRC Press. Boca Ratan.
Florida.
Weast. R C & Grasselli. J G. (1989). ';Handbook of Data 011 Organic Compounds", 2'1/J cd .. CRC Pr..:ss. Boca Ratan. Florida.
Weissbergcr. A. (1956), "Separation and Purificalion". Part L Vcl. J. Inlersciencc Publishers. New York.
Winn. F W. (1958) as reponed by Kistcr [1992].
Wynn. N P. (1992). '·Sep .. lral<! Organics by Melt Crystallization", Chemical Engineering Progress.
Val. 88, 52·60.
Yernzllnis, S. Plowright. J D, Smola. FM. (1964). "Vapor·Liqllid Equilibrium Determination by a