Published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology 180: 131-139
4.4 In vivo anti-oxidant potential of Xylopia aethiopica fruit acetone fraction in a type 2 diabetes model of rats
4.4.4 Results
The data of the lipid peroxidation, expressed as malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration of the serum and organs (liver, kidney, heart and pancreas) of all the groups are presented in Figure 4.20.
According to the results, the MDA concentration of diabetic control (DBC) group has significantly (p
< 0.05) increased in the serum, liver, heart and pancreas compared to the NC group. Additionally, the elevation of MDA level in the kidney of the the DBC group was not significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the diabetes (Figure 4.20). However, oral administration of XAAF has significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the MDA levels in the serum, liver and pancreas of the DXAL and DXAH groups, comparable to the DMF group. The reduction of MDA in the kidney and heart of the diabetic treated groups was observed not to differ significantly (p < 0.05) compared to DBC group (Figure 4.20).
Figure 4.20. Serum and organs thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of all animal groups at the end of the intervention period. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of 5-7 animals. a-cValues with different letter over the bars for a given sample are significantly different from each other group of animals (Tukey's-HSD multiple range post hoc test, p < 0.05). NC, Normal Control; DBC, Diabetic Control; DXAL, Diabetic X. aethiopica low dose; DXAH, Diabetic X. aethiopica high dose; DMF, Diabetic Metformin; NXAH, Normal X. aethiopica high dose; MDA, Malondialdehyde.
The results of the reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations of the serum and organs of all the groups are presented in Figure 4.21. The concentration of GSH in the serum, liver and pancreas was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in the DBC group compared to the NC group, when the reduction in kidney and heart was not statistically difference (p < 0.05) compared to the NC group (Figure 4.21).
Oral treatment of the fraction in the DXAH group significantly (p < 0.05) increased the levels of GSH in the serum, liver and pancreas compared to the DBC group (Figure 4.21). Furthermore, the increase of GSH was not greatly affected in in the kidney and heart of the diabetic treated groups compared to the NC group. Additionally, the GSH level of NXAH group was not altered throughout the study period.
Figure 4.21. Serum and organs reduced glutathione (GSH) content in all animal groups at the end of the study period. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of 5-7 animals. a-cValues with different letter over the bars for a given sample are significantly different from each other group of animals (Tukey's-HSD multiple range post hoc test, p < 0.05). NC, Normal Control; DBC, Diabetic Control; DXAL, Diabetic X. aethiopica low dose; DXAH, Diabetic X. aethiopica high dose; DMF, Diabetic Metformin; NXAH, Normal X. aethiopica high dose; GSH, Reduced glutathione.
The results of the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) of serum and organs of all the groups are presented in Figure 4.22. It was observed from the results that the activity of SOD in serum and organs of the DBC group was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased. After oral intervention of XAAF for 4 weeks, the activity of SOD significant (p < 0.05) increased in the serum and organs of the DXAH group compared to the DBC group (Figure 4.22). In addition, the activity of SOD in the liver of the NXAH group was significantly (p < 0.05) increased compared to the NC group (Figure 4.22).
Figure 4.22. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the serum and organs of different animal groups at the end of the study period. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of 5-7 animals. a-cValues with different letter over the bars for a given sample are significantly different from each other group of animals (Tukey's-HSD multiple range post hoc test, p < 0.05). NC, Normal Control; DBC, Diabetic Control; DXAL, Diabetic X. aethiopica low dose; DXAH, Diabetic X. aethiopica high dose; DMF, Diabetic Metformin; NXAH, Normal X. aethiopica high dose.
The results of catalase activity in serum and organs of all the groups are presented in Figure 4.23. According to the data, the activity of the catalase in the serum and organs was significantly (p <
0.05) decreased in the DBC group compared to the NC group. However, administration of XAAF to diabetic animals significantly (p < 0.05) increased the activity of catalase in the organs, when the increased in serum was did not differ significant (p < 0.05) compared to DBC group (Figure 4.23).
Figure 4.23. Catalase activities in the serum and different organs of different animal groups at the end of the study period.
Data are presented as the mean ± SD of 5-7 animals. a-cValues with different letter over the bars for a given sample are significantly different from each other group of animals (Tukey's-HSD multiple range post hoc test, p < 0.05). NC, Normal Control; DBC, Diabetic Control; DXAL, Diabetic X. aethiopica low dose; DXAH, Diabetic X. aethiopica high dose; DMF, Diabetic Metformin; NXAH, Normal X. aethiopica high dose.
The results of the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in serum and organs of all the groups are presented in Figure 4.24. The activity of the GPx in the serum and organs was significantly (p <
0.05) decreased in the DBC group compared to the NC group. Treatment of XAAF especially in the DXAH group significantly (p < 0.05) increased the GPx activity comparable to the DMF group (Figure 4.24). The activity of GPx in the serum and organs of the NXAH group was altered within the study period (Figure 4.24).
Figure 4.25. Glutathione peroxidase activities in the serum and organs of different animal groups at the end of the study period.
Data are presented as the mean ± SD of 5-7 animals. a-cValues with different letters over the bars for a given sample are significantly different from each other group of animals (Tukey's-HSD multiple range post hoc test, p < 0.05). NC, Normal Control; DBC, Diabetic Control; DXAL, Diabetic X. aethiopica low dose; DXAH, Diabetic X. aethiopica high dose; DMF, Diabetic Metformin; NXAH, Normal X. aethiopica high dose.
The data of glutathione reductase (GR) activity in the serum and organs of all the groups are presented in Figure 4.25. The activity of this enzyme was not affected by the diabetes in the kidney and heart, whereas significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in the serum, liver and pancreas of the DBC group compared to NC group (Figure 4.25). However, oral administration of the XAAF especially in the DXAH significantly (p < 0.05) and dose-dependently increased in activity of GR in serum, liver, kidney and pancreas, when in the eart the effect was not statistically different from the DBC group (Figure 4.25). In addition, treatment of XAAF had significantly (p < 0.05) increased the activity of GR in the liver, kidney and heart of NAMH compared to the NC group (Figure 4.25).
Figure 4.25. Glutathione reductase activities in the serum and organs of different animal groups at the end of the study period.
Data are presented as the mean ± SD of 5-7 animals. a-dValues with different letter over the bars for a given sample are significantly different from each other group of animals (Tukey's-HSD multiple range post hoc test, p < 0.05). NC, Normal Control; DBC, Diabetic Control; DXAL, Diabetic X. aethiopica low dose; DXAH, Diabetic X. aethiopica high dose; DMF, Diabetic Metformin; NXAH, Normal X. aethiopica high dose.