8. APPENDICES I
8.1.3 Sources of Figures and Tables
The various figures and tables included in this dissertation have been obtained from the following sources:
1. Figure 1 : Durban Municipal Area
Source: Environmental Management Branch (June 2001) Environmental Services Management Plan, prepared for the eThekwini Municipality, Durban.
2. Figure 2 : Idealised Activity Corridor
Source: Dewar D (1984c: 51) Urban Poverty and City Development: Some perspectives and guidelines, Part 3, inArchitecture SA, July/August, 49-
52.
3. Figure 3 : Land Use Strategy for the Durban HPPTN
Source: Breetzke K (2001) Urban Strategy Department, eThekv-.rini Municipality, Durban
4. Figure 4: Land Use Corridor SegmentsinDurban
MTRP DISSERTATION AnEnquiry into the Use of Activity Corridors as a Spatial Strategy to Restructure South African Cities
-,.',,1.
Source: Haygarth N (2001) Urban Strategy Department, eThekwini Municipality, Durban.
5. Figure 5 : Activity System for the UCEAP
Source: Iyer N (200 I) Iyer Rothaug Collaborative, Durban.
6. Figure 6 : Spatial Framework Plan for the UCEAP
Source: Iyer N (2001) Iyer Rothaug Collaborative, Durban.
7. Figure 7 : Conceptual Framework for the HGAC Source: Ntanta M (2001) Urban Explorations, Durban.
8. Figure 8: Land Use Proposals for the GCM
Source: Masson A (200 I) Cato Manor Development Association, Durban.
9. Figure 9: Bellair North Activity Spine
Source: Markewicz English (1995: 27) Bellair Nortlt Activity Spine:
Precinct development framework, prepared for the Cato Manor Development Association, Durban.
10. Figure 10 : AmaotilAmaotana Activity System
Source: lye; Rothaug (1998: 42) AmaotVAmaotana Activity System:
Development Framework, prepared for the North Central Local Council, Durban.
11. Figure 11 : Future Private and Public Investment in Durban
Source: Ferreira T (2001) Urban Strategy Department, eThekwini Municipality, Durban.
12. Figure 12 : Public Investment Hubs in Durban
Source: Haygarth N (2001) Urban Strategy Department, eThekwini Municipality, Durban.
13. Table I : HPPTN Corridor Sections in Durban
Based on: Gordge et al (2000: 43-44) Fundamental Restructuring in tlte Durban Metropolitan Area,prepared by the CSIR, Pretoria.
14. Table 2: Summary of Potential HPPTN Tools and Measures
Based on: Oranjeet al(2001: 17)A Desktop Study of Tools and Measures for tlte Creation and Sustenance ofa Land-Use Regime in Support oftlte High Priority Public Transport Network,prepared by the CSIR, Pretoria.
15. Table 3 : Land Use Corridor Segments in Durban
Based on: Green et al (200 la: 23-24) Land Use Corridors and Nodes Study,prepared by the CSIR, Pretoria.
8.2 Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
The following appendix provides a glossary of the key terms and abbreviations referred to in the dissertation.
8.2.1 Definition of Key Terms
The key terms used in this study have been defined as follows:
1. Accessibility
Refers to the ability to "reach a wide range of activities, persons, resources, opportunities... infonnation [and facilities] with the least effort and cost"
(WCEDF 1995: iv; Green 1990: 23). Good access is a function of both proximity and mobility: where people have low levels of mobility and are located some distance from facilities and opportunities, their access to those urban resources will be poor.
2. Activity Corridor
Anacti~ty corridor is a metropolitan scale linear zone (approximately 2kms wide) of mixed use, high-density urban development concentrated along a public transportation route with residential, commercial, industrial and recreational activities in close proximity to one another.
MTRP DISSERTATION AnEnquiry into the Use of Activity Corridors as a Spatial Strategy to Restructure South African Cities
Appendices 3. Activity Node
Activity nodes are places of high accessibility and advantage (for example, at transport interchanges or traffic intersections) where both public and private investment tends to concentrate. Nodes provide optimal locations for shops, offices, COll1luwuty facilities and the infOffilal sector and act as growth points for the development of activity routes by stimulating movement and passing trade.
4. Activity Spine
At the centre of an activity corridor, a continuous activity spine carries the major road-based public transport and consequently provides the best locations for more intensive activities such as businesses and community facilities, as well as high-density housing.
5. Activity Street
Activity streets are smaller versions of activity spines where the same principles of linearity, accessibility and market threshold apply but where there are much lower levels of opportunity. Activity streets occur at the residential scale and are primarily oflocal significance.
6. Compactioll
Refers to the overall process of discouraging urban sprawl by directing city gro\\1h \\~thin existing urban boundaries. Compaction incorporates the strategies ofinfilling, densification, and urban containment (Briggs 1994).
7. Comprehensive Planning Scheme
In terms of the LUMS, a Comprehensive Planning Scheme is a statutory planning document that normally applies to larger and more complex urban and metropolitan areas (TRPC 2000: 9).
Page 168 8. Connectivity
Refers to ''the degree to which transportation systems connect origins to destinations" (Chittenden 1990: 4).
9. Densification
Refers to the intensification of development and ,increasing population densities within existing urban environments. Densification may occur as a spontaneous process or as a policy specifically aimed at increasing urban densities (Lilleby 1995: 10).
10. Density
Refers to "the intensity of hwnan activity in space, typically dictated by the level of proximity to each other of the various elements which make up the urban structure" (Chittenden 1990: 6).
11. Elementary Planning Scheme
In terms of the LUMS, an Elementary Planning Scheme is a statutory planning docwnent that nonually applies to "rural settlement or settlements, emerging settlements, informal towns, areas where there is settlement but no clearly defined cadastral boundaries or settlement which does not correspond with cadastral boundaries" (TRPC 2000: 8).
12. Environmental Planning Area
AnEnvironmental Plamling Area is one of four Special Case Zones in tenus ofthe LUMS that "may be located in rural or urban areas where the primary purpose is the protection of the natural environment" (TRPC 2000: 14).
13. Interim Site Planning Area
AnInterim Site Planning Area is one of four Special Case Zones in tenus of the LUMS that provides an interim control measure for transitional
MTRP DISSERTATION AnEnquiry into the Use of Activity Corridors as a Spatial Strategy to Restructure South African Cities
arrangements in areas where a fonnal Planning Scheme applies or is intended to apply in the future (TRPC 2000: 12-13).
14. Management
"Inthe human settlements context, management means the whole complex of actions involved in planning, programming, budgeting, developing, operating and maintaining a settlement" (Hyland 1989: 1).
15. Mixed use
Refers to the combined use of building/s and/orsite/s for different land uses and activities and could include residential, retail, commercial, institutional, industrial or recreational uses. Mixed uses can occur horizontally (with different uses on a particular property or series of properties) and/or vertically (with different uses in a single building).
16. Mobility
Refers to the "ability of people to move towards a destination without undue hindrance at a certain speed, efficiency and cost-effectiveness" (WCEDF 1995: vi) "using different modes of transport: pedestrian, cycle, private car, bus and train, accessible to the majority of people" (Chittenden 1990: 4).
"TIle need for mobility is the result of a lack of accessibility [or proxinlity]"
(WCEDF 1995: vi; Green 1990: 20).
17. Mobility Route
Refers to a limited access mobility route for "both fast-moving private transport (e.g. a freeway) and public transport on a separate dedicated right of way (e.g. a railway and/or busway) with frequent connections to the activity spine or main road" (Greenet a/200 la: xvi).
18. Primary Planning Scheme
Interms of the LUMS, a Primary Planning Scheme is a statutory planning document that normally applies to small towns and settlements and which consists of at least ten primary land use zones (fRPC 2000: 8).
19. Proximity
Refers to "the [physical] closeness of destinations to origins" (Chittenden 1990: 4).
20. Special Settlement Area
A Special Settlement Area is one of four Special Case Zones in terms of the LUMS that applies to "existing rural and urban settlement, emerging urban nodes, land refoml settlements and existing special zones inurban areas or local councils" (TRPC 2000: 15).
21. Special Site Planning Area
A Special Site Planning Area is one of four Special Case Zones in teillls of the LUMS that applies to "urban and rural areas where there is a need for the .management of the site specific developments, e.g. casinos, investment areas,
economic development zones, airports and harbours" (TRPC 2000: 13).
22. Threshold
Refers to the number of people required to support and sustain a facility or service and is directly linked to their income and level of accessibility to the facility or service (WCEDF 1995: v).
23. Urban Design
Refers to creative interventions in the urban landscape that seek to optimise the environmental and aesthetic qualities of particular places and their contribution to tlle functioning and appearance ofthe city as a whole.
MTRP DISSERTATION AnEnquiry into the Use of Activity Corridors as a Spatial Strategy to Restructure South African Cities
Appendices 24. Urban Form
Refers to the three dimensional quality and appearance of urban areas. This includes the height, size and shape of the city as a whole, as well as the relationships between different urban elements, particularly the physical structures and spaceswithin the city (WCEDF 1995: vii).
25. Urban Form and Structure
Refers to the visual appearance and spatial arrangement of the vertical and horizontal elements of a city (typically buildings and the spaces between), the relationships of which determine the qualities of urban space (Chittenden 1990: 6; WCEDF 1995: vii). The fonnand structure of urban areas is also related to the size and shape of the city and the density or intensity of people and activitieswithin the settlement.
Page 170 dwellers; conserving and enhancing the natural environment; and increasing urban efficiency and productivity.
28. Urban Structure
Refers to the "horizontal and vertical elements of a city (typically buildings and the space between, incorporating movement corridors) which, in relation to one another, make up the qualities of space. 'Urban structure' in the context of planning refers to the major movement routes, and associated major land use patterns creating high levels of activity through the city.
Structure cannot be detached from 'movement', or the temporal flows of people, vehicles and goods as dictated by the arrangements of that structure"
(Chittenden 1990:6).
8.2.2 List of Abbreviations
For the sake of brevity, the dissertation makes use of the following abbreviations:
26. Urbanity
Urbanity is the generic tenn used to describe those positive qualities that exist in urban areas as a result of the concentration of people and of social and economic activities and opportunities. Urbanity is promoted through a combination of complexity, density and diversity and is characterised by the opportunity for: direct hwnan interaction; the free exchange of goods; and hWllan freedom as expressed in the multiplicity of choice (Poulsen 1991: 13;
Mills 1986: 41).
27. VI'ban Planning
(Physical) urban planning "is concerned with the design, growth and management of the physical environment, in accordance with predetermined and agreed policies, whereby balanced social [environmental] and economic objectives may be achieved" (Franklin, cited in Devas andRakodi 1993: 4 l).
Such objectives would include: improving the quality of life of urban
AAS ANC BNAS CBD CMA CSIR DF DFA DFR DMA D'MOSS - DPD DPSU
AmaotilAmaotana Activity System African National Congress
Bellair North Activity Spine Central Business District Cape Metropolitan Area
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Development Framework
Development Facilitation Act Durban Functional Region Durban Metropolitan Area
Durban Metropolitan Open Space System Development Planning Department Development and Planning Service Unit
MTRP DISSERTATION AnEnquiry into the Use of Activity Corridors as a Spatial Strategy to Restructure South African Cities
8.3 Interview Schedule
The interview schedule used as a basis for the structured interviews conducted with urban planning practitioners and officials involved in the Durban Case Studies is attached as Appendix 8.3.
ESMP
FAR
FRP GCM GIS HGAC HPPTN HRPDP
IDF IDF IDP IFP ISER IWCC KZN LDO LDP LUCNS LUMP -LUMS MSDF MSDP NIMBY NSCLC PDA PDP PHB NLC OWLC SA
Environmental Services Management Plan Floor Area Ratio
Fundamental Restructuring Project Greater Cato Manor
Geographic Infonnation System Hillcrest/Gillitts Activity Corridor HighPriority Public Transport Network Horley Road Preliminary Design Plan Integrated Development Framework Interim Development Forum Integrated Development Plan Inkatha Freedom Party
Institute for Social and Economic Research Inner West City Council
KwaZulu Natal
Land Development Objective Local Development Plan
Land Use Corridors and Nodes Study Land Use Management Plan
Land Use Management System
Metropolitan Spatial Development Framework Metropolitan Spatial Development Plan Not In My Back Yard
North and South Central Local Council Planning and Devel.opment Act
Precinct Development Plan Provincial Housing Board North Local Council Outer West Local Council South Africa
SDF SDP SLC SOl TPS UCEAP UCT UF UK UNO UPRU USA USAID
Spatial Development Framework Spatial Development Plan SouthLocalCouncil Statement of Intent Town Planning Scheme
Urban Core Extension Areas Project University of Cape Town
Urban Foundation United Kingdom
University ofNatal, Durban Urban Problems ResearchUnit United States of America
United States Agency for International Development
MTRP DISSERTATION An Enquiry into the Use of Activity Corridors as a Spatial Strategy to Restructure South African Cities
INTRODUCTION
Interview Schedule for Planning Practitioners
there are much lower levels of opportunity. Activity streets occur at the residential scale and are primarily oflocal significance.
This interview forms part of an enquiry into the use of activity corridors and spines as a spatial strategy to restructure South Mrican cities. The activity corridor concept has become a key component of a wide range of planning initiatives in South Mrica in recent years. This includes broad-scale development planning initiatives, such as integrated development plans and spatial development plans, as well as local-scale plans, such as structure plans and precinct development plans.
Areview of the existing theory and recent practice regarding activity corridors yields different interpretations and definitions of 'activity corridors'. The following general definition is therefore provided as a starting point for discussion around specific interpretations in the particular projects selected for the purposes of this study:
1. An activity corridor is a metropolitan scale linear zone (approximately 2kms wide) of mixed use, high~ensity urban development concentrated along a public transportation route with residential, commercial, industrial and recreational activities in close proximity to one another.An example of a 'mature' corridor is the Voortrekker Road corridor in Cape Town. In Durban, the RI02 southern corridor (extending from the CBD southwards to Arnanzimtoti) is perhaps the best example.
2. At the centre of an activity corridor, a continuous activity spine carries the major road-based public transport and consequently provides the best locations for more intensive activities such as businesses and community facilities, as well as high-density housing. The most commonlycitedexample is Old Main Road in Cape Town.
3. Activity streets are smaller versions of activity spines where the same principles of linearity, accessibility and market threshold apply but where
4. Activity nodes are places of high accessibility and adyantage (for example, at transport interchanges or traffic intersections) where both public and private investment tends to concentrate. Nodes provide optimal locations for shops, offices, community facilities and the infornlal sector and act as growth points for the development of activity routes by stimulating movement and passing trade. Tongaat and Amanzimtoti are examples of nodes in the Durban context.
Sources:
Chittenden (1990: 5), Dewar and Uytenbogaardt (1991: 101), Green (1990: 16- 17), Seneque Soot and Maughan-Brown (1995: 31-32) and Western Cape"
Economic Development Forum (1995: iv)
The activity corridor concept has been informed and influenced by a number of different urban debates and spatial planning issues in South Mrica and, to a lesser extent, internationally. This includes, amongst others, debates regarding the need for spatial restructuring and growth management, the stimulation of economic development, the facilitation of public transport, the promotion of sustainable urban development and reduced energy consumption, the notion of urbanity, the efficient provision of public facilities and utility services, etc.
This study aims to explore and add to the debates concerning activity corridors through a review of recent planning initiatives that attempt to establish activity corridors or activity streets in the Durban municipal area. The experience of planning practitioners in conceptualising, planning and implementing activity corridors will be used not only to explore the "limitations and opportunities for implementing the activity corridor concept, but also to reflect on the theory surrounding activity corridors and to draw out lessons for future planning practice.
An Enquiry into the Use of Activity Corridors as a Spatial Strategy to Restructure South African Cities