PART I: PUBLIC POLICY FRAMEWORK
6. STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE CLEANER TECHNOLOGY
The above diagram shows that different strategies can be used either independently or together as a combination of strategies. The line from Cleaner Technology shows that each strategy can be directly linked with Cleaner Technology and at the same time be linked to the other strategy or strategies. The above strategies can be further explained as follows:
(i) Product Modification
Product modification happens by changing the inputs, processes or redesigning the product in such a way that the negative environmental impacts resulting from its production are minimized. This strategy can also be adopted to improve the quality of the product while at the same time minimizing the negative environmental impacts.
The improved quality of the product can lead to more customers buying that product and hence, the strategy can add competitive advantage to the company.
There can be different financial implications in product modification. The following two examples are considered. An example of a low or typically no cost product modification can be; making the product easy to clean by choosing smooth and robust surfaces, and by avoiding small crevices, dead corners and inaccessible inner spaces.
The product modification of Cleaner Technology include incremental changes in materials to replace packaging or components that produce waste problems (Christie et. al., 1995:48).
(ii)Input Substitution
Input substitution means changing from raw materials that might result in high emissions and / or effluents to raw materials that result in less emissions or effluents.
Although emissions and effluents are difficult to avoid, they should be used in such a way that the environmental impact is reduced and minimized.
Input substitution can benefit the company if the raw material will be substituted with a low cost one. The example of a typical low or no cost input substitution can be replacing cyanide based electroplating process by cyanide free processes (e.g. alkaline and acid zinc plating) and replacing solvent-based paints by high solids or water- based paints. The example of a typical medium or high cost input substitution can be replacing solvent-based coatings by powder coatings. The inputs can be substituted
with the less toxic ones, less bulky ones or with the more environmental and user friendly one (Christieet. al., 1995:48).
(ill) Technology Modification
Technology modification involves making adjustments on the machines or production equipment so that the production process can run more efficiently and be more environmental friendly than before. It should not have any negative effects such as causing human health problems. Instead, it tries to run the production process with the least amount of raw materials and hence increases the output since the system will be more efficient than before. According to Christieet. al. (1995:46), fmding ways to increase the efficiency with which energy is used , and to reduce the amount consumed at all stages of production is a key element in Cleaner Technology.
A typical low or no cost example of technology modification is the application of photo-sensors to shut off equipment or rinses in case no objects are being handled. A typical medium or high cost example of technology modification can be applying expanded pattern casting technology such as lost foam process in foundry operations to eliminate waste casting sand (Christieet. al., 1995:46).
(iv) On Site Recycling and Re-use
Cleaner Technology aims to avoid the transporting of waste and hence minimizes the cost of recycling and increases the amount of raw materials available. Re-use also reduces the money spent on buying raw materials or processing the initially unwanted products. An example of a typical low or no cost approach is the current use of rinse water in multiple rinse processes (Van Berkel, 1999). An example of a typical medium or high cost recycling and re-use, is recovery and reuse of metal working fluids ('coolanta') through application of ultra-filtration, and electrolytic recovery of metals from process wastewater from electroplating operations.
(v) Good Housekeeping
Good housekeeping means adopting sound operation and maintenance procedures, to avoid leaks, the production related problems and also to removing any spills. Good housekeeping ensures.that there are no losses due to accidents in the production plant.
There is a lot of money that companies save through practising good housekeeping,
by simply ensuring that no raw materials are left lying around the production plant unattended. Good housekeeping will bring about better productivity, if you recover a chemical, you minimize waste as well as pollution (Christieet. al., 1995:116).
In conclusion, through good housekeeping a company can save a lot of material that would otherwise be thrown away when good housekeeping was not practised.
Through good housekeeping, the most of the raw materials and ingredients are properly used, as opposed to the situation where through negligence or accidents, materials and ingredients are spilled over and lost because they are not fully recovered. With good housekeeping you firstly prevent negligence and accidents from happening and if they do happen, there will be immediate and efficient measures taken to recover the material or ingredients in such a way that they are not lost but they can still be used.
7. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, there are a lot of incentives or benefits for companies, government, communities and the environment available due to Cleaner Technology. The regulation of emissions, effluents and wastes can best be done through the adoption of Cleaner Technology. The adoption of the Cleaner Technology principle will benefit many people in many different ways.
The government can address problems related to pollution, emissions, effluents, and the production of solid waste. Through the adoption of Cleaner Technology sustainable development can be achieved. This is because, as it has been discussed, Cleaner Technology promotes the use of natural resources and re-use of by-products to produce other products as compared to continual use of raw materials from natural resources. Cleaner Technology is about minimising negative environmental impacts, while continuing development priorities.
The theoretical perspective of Cleaner Technology leaves us with little reason why companIes cannot adopt this technique. The government can also look into the possibility of drafting Cleaner Technology regulations. Policy formulation is sometimes different but directly connected to policy implementation, as a result, after good Cleaner Technology policies have been drafted, it is important to carefully monitor their implementation so that the use of Cleaner Technology can contribute to the reduction of wastes, emissions and effluents. Itis important too to have access to the relevant policy instruments in order to ensure that Cleaner Technology is implemented.
The successful implementation of these Cleaner Technology strategies depends on companies being adequately informed and skilled in pursuing these goals in relation to their environmental management systems. The next part of this research portfolio will look at one company in particular, and determine what, if any, environmental management system it has adopted and why.
Mondi Paper Mill will be discussed in the next section, In relation to its environmental practices and Cleaner Technology. The elements of Cleaner
Technology and the strategies for the adoption of Cleaner Technology will be examined and analyzed.
PART lIB: MONDI CASE STUDY
1. INTRODUCTION
This study seeks to establish if a company knows about Cleaner Technology, does it implement Cleaner Technology and if so are there any incentives for that and to put forward a recommendation to government to put Cleaner Technology into legislation, and encourage compliance through issuing incentives to companies who implement it.
Part of this research project was a case study on the timber industry with Mondi Limited being the company of study. The research tries to establish if there are any Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) within Mondi and whether they include Cleaner Technology. The research aims to find out what the various environmental management systems are and why they have adopted those particular environmental policies.
If there is some implementation of these policies and the adoption of Cleaner Technology government might fmd it necessary to legislate Cleaner Technology and encourage its adoption and implementation by introducing some incentives for companies adopting Cleaner Technology.
Mondi Limited was chosen because it is a company that is involved in both the production and manufacturing of the complete life cycle of timber products. Mondi Forests plants its own forests, and harvests its trees which they then process into timber products by the other divisions of Mondi Limited, such as Mondi Paper. The unwanted products or by-products of the timber production processes are recycled at a Mondi Recycling Plant. This complete cycle, dictated the choice of Mondi Limited.
Inthis document, the word Mondi refers to Mondi Limited while each division will be referred to by its public name such as Mondi Forest, Mondi Paper and Mondi Recycling. In this section, research methodology is discussed first, then followed by the presentation of research findings, the discussion of the research findings and some conclusions drawn from those research findings.