2.3 UCWANINGO OLWENZIWE PHESHEYA KWEZILWANDLE 32
2.3.2 UCWANINGO OLWENZIWE EZWENI LASEGRISI (GREECE) 33
Ucwaningo olwenziwa eGrisi nguCarravana ngonyaka we-1951 luveza ukuthi ukuthandana kwabantu abanobulili obufanayo kuthathwa njengento esemthethweni kakhulukazi kubantu besililisa. Lokhu kumaGriki kubonakala kuyindlela yokufundisa abantu besilisa impilo eyobasiza ekutheni bakhule bengamadoda. Abantu abadala besilisa bayaye baye ocansini nabafana abasebancane abasukela eminyakeni eyishumi nesihlanu kuya eminyakeni eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye. Ocwaningweni lwakhe uCarravana (1969) ubeka uthi abesifazane abangamaGriki bona babengavunyelwe ukuthi baye ocansini nabantu abanobulili obufana nobabo. Amantombazane abe efundiswa esemancane ukuthi uma eseqala ezothando kwakufanele ukuba akhethe umuntu wesilisa oyoba umyeni oqotho nothembekile. Lokhu kodwa kwakungachazi ukuthi babengekho abesifazane ababenemizwa yokuthanda bobulili obufana nobabo.
Ocwaningweni lukaCarravana (1969, p. 210) kuyavela ukuthi owesifazane onguSappo wayenabo ububudlelwane nabafundi besifazane owayebafundisa. Lo wesifazane kuyavela nokuthi wabhala izinkondlo eziningi ezazinendikimba yabanemizwa yobulili obufanayo (Murray, 2004).
Ocwaningweni olwenziwa uChamber (2008) kuyavela ukuthi abamabandla nezinhlangano ezifana noDemocratic Party eyayiholwa nguNdunankulu u-Costas Karamanlis (2004) zabe zingasahambisani nokuba khona kwalolu siko. Lokhu u- Karamanlis wakukhombisa ngokuthi ethwese icala owayeyiMeya yaseTilos u- Anastasios Aliferis (2008) eyashadisa ababethandana benobulili . Le Meya yaze yagxekwa ngisho nayizikhulu zesonto, okwathi ngonyaka wezi-2009 leyo mishado
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yathathwa njengeyayingekho emthethweni ngowayenguNgqongqoshe Wezomthetho uSotirios Hatzgakis. Kuyavela ocwaningweni ukuthi owayenguNdunankulu waseGrisi u-Alexander the Great wayenabo ubudlelwano nabantu besilisa. Lokhu kwaze kwasungulwa ngisho nefilimu eyayizokhonjiswa eyayizophathelana nempilo ka-Alexander. Ocwaningweni olwenziwa nguMurray (2004) kuyavela ukuthi abameli bamaGriki baphikisana nokukhishwa kwale filimu ukuba ivezelwe umphakathi. Basabisa ngokuthi bazobavulela icala abenzi bale filimu uma bengaqhubeka nokuyidlalisa emphakathini (Murray, 2004).
Ngonyaka wezi-2003 inhlangano yezinkonkoni ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Hellenic Homosexual Community yenza ucwaningo emalungeni asephalamende ifuna ukuthola ukuthi ngakube iphalamende limiphi ngamalungelo abantu abanemizwa yobulili obufanayo. Ucwaningo lwaveza ukuthi bangamaphesenti angamashumi amane nane ababehambisana nobunkonkoni (44%). Kwathi amaphesenti angamashumi amahlanu (50%) akubeka kwacaca ukuthi awahambisani nabantu abathandana nobulili obufana nobabo. Emaqenjini ayeyingxenye yalolu cwaningo iPanhellenic Social Movement (PASOK) babangamaphesenti angamashumi ayisihlanu nanhlanu(55%), i-New Democratic Party kwaba amaphesenti angamashumi amabili nesikhombisa(27%), i-Synapismos yaba ngamaphesenti angamashumi ayisikhombisa nesikhombisa (77%), kwazothi iqembu le- Community Party langazimbandakanya kulolu cwaningo (BBC., 2004)
I-Eurobarometer yenza ucwaningo ngonyaka wezi-2006 eGrisi, ifuna ukuthola ukuthi umphakathi wona ukubona kanjani ukunikezwa kwabathandana benobulili obufanayo amalungelo alinganayo nawalabo abathandana benobulili obungafani.
Ucwaningo lwaveza ukuthi amaphesenti ayishumi nesihlanu (15%) akhombisa ukuhambisana nokunikeza kwalabo anabanemizwa yobulili obufanayo amalungelo afanayo nanikezwa abathandana bebe benobulili obungafani, kwathi amaphesenti ayishumi nanye (11%) aphikisana nalokhu. Ucwaningo olwenziwe yiyo futhi i-Eurobarometer (2006) lwaveza ukuthi amaphesenti angamashumi ayisikhombisa (77%) abavumi ukuba abathandana bebe benemizwa efanayo banikezwe amalungelo afanayo nawalabo abathandana bebe benobulili obungafani. Bagcizelela ukuthi lokhu kungase kwandise usikompilo olubi eGrisi.
Kuyavela futhi ukuthi amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyigalombili nesikhombisa (87%) emiphakathi yaseGrisi akukhaba ngazozombili ukuba nabangani nabanemizwa yobulili obufanayo. Banenkolelo yokuthi bangagcina nabo mhlawumbe sebebafundise usikompilo olungamukelekile esizweni kanjalo nakwimvelo eyadalwa nguNkulunkulu, yokuthanda ubulili obungafani nobakho.
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Ocwaningweni lukaChamber (2006) kuyavela ukuthi ukungena kukaNdunankulu omusha eGrisi u-George Paadreon, wenhlangano eyayibizwa ngokuthi i- Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) kwenza kwaba noshintsho kwabanemizwa yobulili obufanayo ngisho nakwezabesifazane imbala. Ngawo unyaka wezi- 2008 uhulummeni washaya umthetho wokuthi abathandana benobulili obufanayo sebevumelekile ukuthi sebengayibhalisa imishado yabo ezinkantolo. Lokhu kwasekelwa nanguNgqongqoshe Wezomthetho ophinde alwele amalungelo abantu. U-Haris Kastanidis (2010) ekhuluma emsakazweni i- Greek Radio Station waveza ukuthi sebezolwela ukuthi labo abathanda ubulili obufana nobabo bathola amalungelo afana nawalabo abashade bebe benobulili obungafani.
Ocwaningweni olwenziwe nguBaker (2004) kuyavela ukuthi ezinye zezinkundla zokuxhumana zazingahambisanI nempilo yabanemizwa yobulili obufanayo. Lokhu kwabonakala kakhulu enkundleni yezokuxhumana yaseGrisi ebizwa ngokuthi yi- Greek National Council for Radio and Television (NCRTV). Le nkundla yezokuxhumana yagxekwe kakhulu ngabanemizwa yobulili obufanayo kanye nohulumeni. Babekhala ngokuthi le nkundla yezokuxhumana ibonakala inokukhipha inyumbazane nokubacwasa abantu abaphila abanemizwa yobulili obufanayo. Ocwaningweni lukaBaker (2004) kuyavela ukuthi isiteshi sikamabonakude i-Mega TV sahlawuliswa yi-NCRTV ngokuveza abanemizwa yobulili obufanayo beqabulana. Uhulumeni nabezomthetho basigxeka lesi senzo.
Esinye isigameko esenzeka yileso sokuhlawuliswa isiteshi somsakazo i-Epikoinonia FM ngonyaka wezi- 2004 yiyona futhi i-NCRTV. I-NCRTV yabika ukuthi lesi siteshi somsakazo sivumele labo abanemizwa yobulili obufanayo ukuba basakaze izinhlelo zabo. Le nkundla yezokuxhumana yabona lo msakazo njengowehlise isithunzi sale nkundla yezokuxhumana njengoba uvumele abanenizwa yobulili obufanayo ukuba basakaze uhlelo lwabo (Baker, 2004, p.156).
2.3.4 UCWANINGO OLWENZIWE EMELIKA (AMERICA)
Luningi ucwaningo oselwenziwe ezweni laseMelika oluphathelene nabantu abanemizwa yobulili obufana nobabo (Ogwart & Gutterwarrier, 2000; Hyton, 1990, Larocque, 2006; C). UHamer (1993) wenza ucwaningo eMelika lapho ayehlola khona abesilisa abangamashumi amathathu nantathu ukuthi babenayo yini imizwa yothando yabanye besilisa. Ocwaningweni lwakhe kwatholakala ukuthi bonke abesilisa ababengabahlanganyeli bocwaningo babenayo imizwa
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yokuthanda abanye besilisa. U-Ogwart benoGutterwarrier (2000) ocwaningeni lwabo abalwenza, bathola ukuthi kukhona ubudlelwano kwencindezelo ngokobulili kulabo abanothando lwabantu abanobulili obufana nobabo.
Ucwaningo olwenziwa nguHyton (1990), uveza ukuthi abantu abanothando lobulili obufanayo bafunda kwabanye abafana nabo ukuthi ubudlelwano bezothando nakubo kuyinto ekhona futhi kuyakhula.
Ocwaningweni olwenziwa uChaunce benoCere (2004) kuyavela ukuthi izinhlangano ezazisephalamende ngonyaka we-1980 ezinye zazivumelana nokuthi kufanele abanemizwa yobulili obufanayo banikezwe amalungelo okuphila impilo abayithandayo ngaphandle kokukhishwa inyumbazane noma ukucwaswa imiphakathi. Ezinye zazingahambisani nalokhu kakhulukazi lezo zinhlangano zamabandla ezenkolo. Lezi zinhlangano zazikholelwa ekutheni lokho kuyaphambana nomthetho wesonto. Inhlangano ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Democratic Party nayo yaphumela obala yezwakalisa ukungahambisani nokunikezwa kwabanemizwa yobulili obufanayo amalungelo afanayo nawalabo abathandana bebe benobulili obungafani. Kuyavela ocwaningeni ukuthi lokhu kwakudalwa ukuthi iningi labasekeli baleli qembu babephuma emaphandleni lapho le mpilo ithathwa njengeyihlazo nejivana usikompilo lwesintu. Ama-Republican Party wona ayehambisana nokuthi abanemizwa yobulili obufanayo banikezwe amalungelo afanayo nawalabo abathandana bebe benobulili obungafani. Lokhu kwakudalwa ukuthi abalandeli baleli qembu babephuma emadolobheni lapho, abantu bakhona bengaliboni ihlazo ekubeni abantu bephile impilo yokuba sebudlelwaneni nobulili obufana nobakhe.
Ocwaningweni olwenziwa nguLarocque (2006) kuyavela ukuthi inkundla yamacala yacindezela i-United States Congress ukuthi ishintshe umthetho obizwa ngokuthi yi-Defence of Marriage Act of 1993. Lo mthetho wawuvimbela ukuthi umshado walabo abanemizwa yobulili obufanayo ube semthethweni. Kuphinde kuvele futhi ukuthi amazwe ayisishiyagalombili agcina esewuphasisile lo mthetho nawo ephoqwa ingcindezi eyayivela kwabezomthetho. Lapha singabala amazwe afana noCalifonia, Vermont, Maine, New Hamphire, New York Washington kanye neNew Jersey.
Ocwaningweni olwenziwa uWafer (2010, p.310) kuyavela ukuthi onguMongameli okhona waseMelika ngaphansi kwe-Democratic Party, uBarack Obama wayehambisana nokuthi abanemizwa yobulili obufanayo kufanele ukuba banikezwe amalungelo okuphila impilo abayithandayo. Kodwa wayengahambisani nokuthi banikezwe amalungelo okushadana, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi
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washaya ingwijikhwebu wahambisane nabantu abalwela ukuthi abanemizwa yobulili obufanayo bathole amalungelo okushadana bangagcini bebe ngomasihlalisane. Ocwaningweni lukaWafer (2010) kuyavela ukuthi izinhlangano ezinjengo-Libertarian Party, (1971), Green Party (1980), Socialist Party USA (1980) kanye ne-Communist Party (1980) babehambisana nokuthi, abanemizwa yobulili obufanayo kufanele banikwe amalungelo okuphila impilo abayithandayo.
Ukusekwa kwabanemizwa yobulili obufanayo ngamaqembu amaningi eMelika kwenza ukuthi elinye lamaqembu elibizwa ngokuthi yi-Socialist Party lize liqoke uMongameli walo owayenemizwa yokuthanda ubulili obufana nobakhe, uDavid McReynolds (Wafer, 2010).
UHyton (1990) ocwaningeni lwakhe uveza ukuthi nakuba izinhlangano eziningi eMelika zazikweseka ukukhululeka kwabanemizwa yobulili obufanayo, kepha izinhlangano zamabandla ezenkolo nezinye ezazizimele zazingahambisani nokunika abanemizwa yobulili obufanayo ilungelo lokuphila impilo abayithandayo nokunikezwa ilungelo lokuthi sebengaganana. Amabandla ezenkolo lokhu ayekubuka njengento ephambanayo nomthetho kaNkulunkulu. Kulezi zinhlangano singabala i-American Family Association, the Christian Coalition, Family Research Council, Focus on the Family, Save OurChildren, NARTH, The National Republican Party, the Roman Catholic Church, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the Southern Baptist Convention, Alliance for Marriage, Alliance Defense Fund, Liberty Counsel kanye neNational Organization for Marriage. Lezi zinhlangano zazithathwa njengezinhlangano ezazibazonda ababengena ebudlelwaneni nabanobulili obufana nobabo. Lokhu kwaze kwagcizelelwa inhlangano eyayilwelwa amalungelo abanemizwa yobulili obufanayo. Le yaphumela obala igxeka lezi zinhlangano ngokuthi izona ezigqugquzela inzondo kanye nokukhishwa inyumbazane kwabanemizwa yobulili obufanayo. Le nhlangano yayibizwa ngokuthi i-Southern Povert Law Center eMelika.
Ucwaningo olwenziwa uKurt (2010) kwenye yamanyuvesi eMelika luyaveza ukuthi babengavunyelwa abantu abanemizwa yobulili obufanayo ukusebenza ngaphansi koMbutho Wezokuvikela uma ngabe wabe esaziwa ukuthi unemizwa yobulili obufana nobakhe. Ukuze aqashwe embuthweni kwakufanele engasivezi isimo sakhe, kwaze kwaba khona umthetho othi Do n’t Ask, Do n’t Tell Act of (1980). Lo mthetho washinsthwa emveni kokuba uhulumeni waseMelika ephasisa umthetho owawuzovikela abasebenzi ekucwasweni emisebenzini. Lokhu kwaletha ushintsho nakuMbutho Wezokuvikela. Lo mthetho ngonyaka wezi-2010 wabe usubizwa ngokuthi yi-Do n’t Ask, Do n’t Tell Repeal Act of 2010. Emveni kokushaywa kwalo
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mthetho labo ababenemizwa yobulili obufanayo base bevumelekile ukusebenza eMbuthweni Wezokuvikela.
Ucwaningo olwenziwa nguChauncey noCere (2004) abantu ababephila impilo yokuthanda ubulili obufana nobabo babebonakala njengabantu okuyibona abasabalalisa ingciwane lengculazi, ngangokuthi abanye babo babeze bebulawe.
Abanye babehlukunyezwa ngisho sebefika ezibhedlela benganikezwa imishanguyo yokwelapha isifo. Kwaba yingalesi sizathu-ke esenza uMengameli waseMelika uBarack Obama ngonyaka wezi-2010 ukuba aphoqa uMnyango Wezempilo i-Department of Health and Human Service ukuba ubhekelele inhlalonhle yawo wonke umuntu owakhele izwe laseMelika noma ngabe uphila impilo yobulili obufana nobakhe.