4.5 Interpretation of Events within Wester-oriented Psychological Context
4.5.2 Case 1
4.5.2.3 Use of Symbols
Meaning of symbols used in Western psychological perspectives differs from the meaning of symbols
used in African cultural context. For example, within psychoanalytic perspective symbols would not be perceived as the language of the dead-living or ancestors, but could be seen as language of the unconscious (Buhrmann, 1984; Jung, 1964). In this perspective symbolism is regarded as the expression of a transformed unconscious repressed wish, which is generally felt as being painful or regarded as culturally unacceptable (Jung, 1964; Lincoln, 1935). According to this perspective symptomatic problems such as psychosomatic illness of the index person can be interpreted as symbolic of intrapsychic problems or interpersonal relationship problems (Buhrmann, 1984; Jung, 1964; Lincoln, 1935). Symbols such as the animals for ritual slaughter, the rose branch in the middle of the doorway and the chicken hiding away, can be interpreted as representing material from the unconscious. For example, the rose branch in the middle of the doorway can be interpreted as symbolising the participants being confronted with unconscious painful memories from the past, but that the underlying fear prevented them from dealing with the issues openly (Jung, 1964). The traditional healer's actions or refusal to discern symbolic meaning of the rose branch and the chicken hiding under the sofa can be interpreted as sensitivity to the fact that the family members were not ready to deal with the issues that confronted them in the ritual process (ibid.). The recalling ofthe symbolism two years later can be interpreted as a significant sign ofthe family's psychological growth in accepting the unconscious part ofthe psyche and reconciling it with the conscious part.
From family and systemic views, the pains and aches of the index person can be interpreted as symbolic of symptomatic family structure or functioning (Bloch, 1984; Keeney, 1979). The tense discussion about the ownership ofthe house during the confession part ofthe ritual can be interpreted as a symbol or sign of symptomatic interpersonal sequences, interactional patterns, distribution and management of power and authority (Bloch, 1984). The tension can also be interpreted as symbolic of the original family history as the reinforcer of symptomatic patterns. On the other hand, the symbols used in the rituals can be interpreted to be symbolically significant for shifting the site of family pathology onto them (symbols), so that the family members are relieved ofthe blame and the symptoms. The symbols can therefore be regarded as objectified projections from the unconscious (Buhrmann, 1984; Keeney, 1979).
4.5.2.4 Unheeded Signs
Every symbol or event has a potential meaning. What could be termed unheeded signs within the psychoanalytic perspective are those signs or symbols whose meaning is avoided by the participants because of the painful association they have and their threat to ego defenses. Such signs or symbols can be said to be laden with psychic energy (lung, 1964). The meaning of such symbols can be refused entry into consciousness because of anxiety. For example, the refusal of the officiating traditional healer to interpret the symbols during the crucial "ukubuyisa" ritual can be interpreted as having painful associations for her, and that therefore she avoided their meaning, but unconsciously projected the pain onto the family members as countertransference (Buhrmann, 1984; rung, 1964).
Her inability to recall them two years later despite new evidence from the traditional healer of good reputation can be interpreted as confirmation of their painful association for her.
4.5.3 Case 2
4.5.3.1 Pressure Tactics
In the introduction to the interpretation ofthe events within Western-oriented psychological context it has already been stated that the source of pressure in some perspectives is theorised to be the unconscious in which painful memories and culturally unacceptable wishes have been repressed (Buhrmann, 1984; lung, 1964; Lincoln, 1935). According to such theories, retirement of the index person in this case study can be interpreted as a trigger factor that is forcing some of the repressed unconscious material to be brought into the light of consciousness. Some of such material includes painful childhood memories, the father-complex, unresolved issues of grief and mortality. These developmental crises can be interpreted as the tactics that led to her desire to have rituals of ''ukubuyisa'' and reconciliation. Her desire can be interpreted as expressing her childhood fantasies and a sign that she reached late adulthood stage without achieving psychological maturity (lung, 1964). According to systemic perspective the index person can be seen as the site of family
pathology. The index person's desire or wish to bring her dead father home can be interpreted as communication metaphor that is putting pressure on the family to make adjustments to her developmental stage (Keeney, 1979).
4.5.3.2 Redressive Mechanisms
Within Western-oriented psychological context the "ukubuyisa" and reconciliation rituals can be seen as primitive or ancient forms oftherapy (Buhrmann, 1984; Jung, 1964). For example, according to theories ofthe unconscious, the "ukubuyisa" ritual can be perceived as symbolic ofbringing into the light of consciousness, the unconscious issues. The reconciliation ritual can be interpreted as an attempt to reconcile the inner world ofthe unconscious with the outer world ofthe conscious, with ritual ceremonies as mechanisms for catharsis. According to ecosystemic and systems theory, the site and nature of symptoms manifestations may shift (Keeney, 1979). The index person as part of the relationship system may have been the site of pathology. Inaccordance to this view the ritual ceremonies can be seen as forms of family processes that aim at reframing the symptomatic communication metaphors in order to shift the blame from the index person to another site. The ancestors would be the new site. The gathering offamily members would be crucial to discuss and re-negotiate the problematic situation of the index person, namely, her developmental transition.
4.5.3.3 Use of Symbols
Differences in psychological meaning can be seen in the various symbolic elements used in the rituals performed in this case study. For example, the psychoanalytic and depth psychology perspectives would see the goat which is a noisy animal as symbolising the unconscious being activated, being given a voice or the candles as illuminating the unconscious so that its hidden treasures can be seen (lung, 1964). The falling ofthe candle that represented a nine year brother can be symbolising the level of psychological development to which the index person has regressed or at which her development was arrested (Buhrmann, 1984; Jung, 1964). A dice on the candleholder of the nine year old brother's representation can be said to symbolise how she gambledwithher life for sixty
years ofher age. The calmness ofthe symbols that prevailed towards the end ofthe confessions, may represent a growth process or the acceptance of the unconscious.
According to systems theory perspective the index person's retirement can be seen as a disequilibrator . for the family to re-adjust to changed relationship structure (Keeney, 1979). Tense interactions involving the oldest brother can be representing recursive interpersonal patterns that contribute to the maintenance of interactional rules, and distribution and management of power and authority in the family. The behaviour of the mother towards the oldest son can be symbolic of an enmeshed relationship or powerlessness and helplessness (Bloch, 1984). In order to break: the cyclical sequence ofsymptomatic relationship metaphors, the symbols ofgoat and candles that were chosen before hand would be seen as strategically chosen in order to relieve the index person and her family of symptomatic discomfort by externalising and transfering them onto these symbols. Depth psychology would view these symbols as archetypes ofthe collective unconscious or animistic regression (Jung, 1964).
4.5.3.4 Unheeded Signs
Certain signs and symbols are difficult to explain. For example, how can the falling over ofthe candle and the swapping of items of clothing be explained psychologically? Are these events mere co- incidences or exaggeration of normal occurances because according to Jung (1964) in rational societies the boundaries between the unconscious and the conscious are sharp and "no voicesspeak:
to man [sic] from stones, plants and animals, nor does he [sic] speak: to them believing they can hear"
(p.95).
4.5.4 Case 3
4.5.4.1 Pressure Tactics
Certain Western perspectives regard manifest conflicts to result from the unconscious latent conflicts.
For example, the power struggles and the tensions among the participants in this case study can be interpreted to be manifest symptoms of unresolved unconscious conflicts because, according to psychoanalytical frame of reference, in each of us there is inner conflict of which we are not aware (Buhrmann, 1984). Under group stress this unconscious conflict can be triggered and manifest itself as pressure in the form of group dynamics. According to ecosystemic theory perspective tensions and conflicts can be seen as communication metaphors of symptomatic and maladaptive group interpersonal relationships (Keeney, 1979). The symptomatic communication can be interpreted as having a function within the complex group relationships (ibid.). Such communication can be identified as strategies that the group members used for cohesion or exclusion ofothers, for example, in cliques, coalitions and group norms.