Professor Kevin Rogers, University of the Witwatersrand, for introducing strategic adaptive management and consensus decision-making processes that have proven invaluable to effective operational water resource management. LIST AND DISCUSSION OF INITIALLY AVAILABLE DATA SOURCES RELEVANT TO THE OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF CROCODILE RIVER WATER RESOURCES.
ACRONYMNS AND ABREVIATIONS
NWA National Water Act, Act 36 of 1998 NWRS National Water Resources Strategy, 2004 NWRS 2 National Water Resources Strategy 2012.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
LITERATURE REVIEW AND PROBLEM STATEMENT
- IWRM
- Changing Resource Management Milieu
- Developing a Vision
- Complexity
- Stakeholder Participation
- The Importance of Consensus Based Participatory Decision Making
- Requisite Simplicity
- OPERATIONAL WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
- Water Resources Planning and Water Resources Operations
- Decision Support Systems (DSS’s) are required for Operational Water Resources Management
- Learning from the Implementation of Ecological Flow Requirements
- Closing, Semi-Arid, Run-of-River Catchments
- THE IMPORTANCE OF MAKING OWRM ADAPTABLE
- Towards Strategic Adaptive Management
- Action Research
- Strategic Adaptive Management
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
It is suggested that it is only through the implementation of operational water resource management that many of the critical factors mentioned in the NWRS2 can be implemented. The implementation of ecological flow requirements6 is an important aspect of water resource management and much research has been done on the state of the art of implementing ecological flows.
RESEARCH APPROACH AND AREA
- STUDY RATIONALE
- RESEARCH AIM AND QUESTIONS
- STUDY AREA
- Inkomati Water Management Area
- The Inkomati Catchment Management Agency
- The Crocodile River Catchment
As a result, implementation of the Crocodile River DSS developed by DWA (Hallowes, Mallory, and Greaves, 2007) has been prioritized by ICMA. The Krokodil River catchment is one of the main river catchments within the IWMA (Figure 9 and Figure 11).
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- METHODOLOGY TO DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT AN ADAPTIVE OPERATIONAL WATER RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
River Operations Committee
METHODOLOGY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ADAPTIVE OPERATIONAL WATER RESOURCES
Finally, the data, information, modeling, and decision support system components of the AOWRMF were evaluated. Evaluate and assess compliance with ecological reserves as a measure of the effectiveness of the AOWRMF.
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ADAPTIVE OPERATIONAL WATER RESOUCES
- TIMELINE OF ACTIVITIES
- THE COMPONENTS OF OPERATIONAL WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
- Institutional Arrangements
- Stakeholder Participation and Decision Making
- Data and Information
These departments include the Minister's Office (responsible for overall policy), the National Planning Office (responsible for water resources planning), the Local Regional Office and the Infrastructure Department (responsible for operation and maintenance of dams). The TOR for CROCOC (APPENDIX E), developed in collaboration with CROCOC stakeholders, summarizes the key information and decision needs at different time scales required for the operational water resources management of the Crocodile River.
The outcomes of this workshop, shown in Table 5, have not yet been assessed, nor incorporated into the AOWRMF and TOR of the CROCOC. An important outcome of this review was the stakeholders' strong indication of the need to include information on water quality monitoring in the CROCOC. The applicability and suitability of the data and information are discussed according to these categories in Table 6 below.
Experience gained with the real-time OWRM aspects of the DSS since its inception in 2009 quickly identified issues with the reliability of the DWA real-time river flow monitoring equipment and information.
July flow
Yellow 0.25-0.5 Below Normal Flow
Cyan 0.75-0.95 Above Normal Flow Blue 0.95-0.99 Very High Flow
- Modelling and Decision Support System
A screenshot of the Mike Customized real-time operator user interface used by ICMA is shown in Figure 33. In fact, the implementation of ecological flow requirements has not been achieved in the vast majority of South African rivers. This lack of enforcement of ecological flow requirements was a serious cause for concern for the KNP at the time.
Other reasons for the delay in implementing the ecological flow requirements were technical in nature.
October
THE FUNCTIONAL STRATEGIC ADAPTIVE
MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES FOR THE ADAPTIVE OPERATIONAL WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
The Rapid Response System
The RRS is essentially just a descriptive name for the implementation of the short-term aspects of the adaptive management phase of SAM for the Crocodile River. The RRS within the AOWRMF (Figure 42 and Table 8) has thus evolved to accommodate both OWRM and the implementation of ecological flow requirements and also includes various aspects of the four OWRM components described in this thesis. The RRS is thus the core around which the adaptive management phases of the AOWRMF are implemented for the Crocodile River and is also the key enabler for short-term feedback loops, as highlighted in the literature review.
ICMA, in consultation with CRMIB, decided to increase the release to 4.5 cumec; due to the river receding to a low level it is concerned with ecological flow requirements and weather forecasts for very hot conditions.
EVALUATION OF THE ADAPTIVE OPERATIONAL WATER RESOURES MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
- SOCIAL EVALUATION OF THE ADAPTIVE
OPERATIONAL WATER RESOURES MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
Institutional Arrangements
Stakeholder Participation and Decision Making
A questionnaire was developed for the stakeholders of the CROCOC to evaluate the social learning, participation and participatory decision-making aspects of the AOWRMF. My assessment of the CROCOC meetings was that the main source of concern and conflict was the ecological flow requirements and their implementation. 3; 4 The River Operations Section of the ICMA enthusiastically manages the DSS and chairs the CROCOC.
This highlights the importance of CROCOC in enabling effective AOWRM and its value in promoting social learning and consensus-based decision-making.
TECHNICAL EVALUATION OF THE ADAPTIVE
- The Implementation of the Ecological Flow Requirements
The technical evaluation of the AOWRMF was carried out by assessing compliance with ecological flow requirements before and after the implementation of the AOWRMF. As discussed in Section 4.2.4, subsection “Results of Implementing Ecological Flow Requirements in Real Time,” the implementation of ecological flow requirements depends on aspects of the short-term operation of the AOWRMF. In this study, implementation was focused on the river flow volume aspects of ecological flow requirements, and compliance was only measured in terms of river flow volume.
However, the fact that the ecological flow requirements are ultimately a function of the observed flow implies that it is reduced during low flow periods.
EVALUATION OF THE DATA, INFORMATION, MODELLING AND DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
This thus partially removes the impact of periods of high or low flow on the results and is thus considered to be a reliable indicator of improved OWRM since October 2009. And that “… such integrated approaches are not evident in any of the basins, with the exception of the Inkomati WMA where it occurs with developing Inkomati's catchment management strategy'. This affects the accuracy of dam trajectories as well as ecological flow determinations.
This needs to be further investigated so that improved estimation of the water use of these activities can be implemented in modelling.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
- STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION AND DECISION MAKING
- DATA AND INFORMATION
- MODELLING AND DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
- OVERARCHING GAPS AND ISSUES
It is possible that the effectiveness of the commission may have been because it has no decision-making powers. The combination of creating this decision-making environment, the DSS and the pioneering methodology for calculating ecological flow requirements were critical to the successful implementation of the AOWRMF. The implementation of ecological flow requirements is focused on river flow quantity aspects in this study and compliance is measured in terms of river flow quantity only.
The implementation and assessment of ecological flow requirements was carried out at the downstream end of the Krokodil River at the flow measurement site DWA X2H016 Tenbosch only (Figure 11).
Guidelines for stakeholder participation in integrated water resource management in water management areas in South Africa. The potential role of mental model methodologies in multi-stakeholder negotiations: integrated water resource management in South Africa. The development of a framework for understanding human rights-based approaches and their integration into water resource management in South Africa.
Development of a protocol for defining the desired state of river systems in South Africa.
APPENDIX A
GENERIC DESCRIPTION OF IWRM PROCESSES UNDER SAM PHASES AND COMPONENTS
APPENDIX B
CURRENT STUDIES AND PROJECTS RELATED TO OPERATIONAL RIVER MANAGEMENT
The current approach to the operation of the KOBWA and Crocodile systems, which involves a balanced system and/or annual allocations to ensure that the risk of emptying the dam(s) is within acceptable limits, is maintained. Part of the ORs were the decision support models, which aimed to provide tools to assist the ICMA in managing the water resources of the Sabie catchment. There was also a lack of cooperation from the responsible government departments and a lack of knowledge about the ORs, with certain stakeholders complaining that they were not involved in the development of the rules from the beginning (Agterkamp, 2009 ).
RISKOMAN” stands for “Risk Based Operational Management” and nicely summarizes the main goal of the project, namely improving operational river management.
APPENDIX C
STEEP ASPECTS OF THE INKOMATI WMA RELEVANT TO OPERATIONAL WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
KNP/Lowveld and Trout/Panorama tourism is vital to both the catchment and national economies and is dependent on sustainable river systems. Legislative implementation is poor, particularly with regard to: the reserve; the transformation of IBs into WUAs; establishment and transfer of functions to CMA's and co-operative governance.
APPENDIX D
DELEGATED AND ASSIGNED POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ICMA
To be subject to clause 5(3), direct the owner or person in control of a water work situated within its area of operation at the owner's expense and within a specified period, for. Modify or require the owner of the water work to modify the water work so that it is not used to receive more water than is permitted in the notice; or. Remove the waterwork or require the owner to remove the waterwork if the notice contains a prohibition on the use of that waterwork.
If the owner or person in charge of the waterworks contravenes a notice under item 6(1) of Schedule 3.
APPENDIX E
TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE CROCODILE RIVER OPERATIONSCOMMITTEE
TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE CROCODILE RIVER OPERATIONS COMITTEE
CROCOC is a consultative technical advisory body managed by ICMA that provides a mechanism for interaction, exchange of operational information and coordination of operational activities for the Crocodile East River system. CROCOC serves the relevant decision-making bodies as defined in the National Water Act (DWA, ICMA, WUA) to enable them to make decisions based on information and consensus. Appendix B to these project terms of reference describes the communication and decision-making pathways around CROCOC.
CROCOC can propose changes to the terms of reference in writing to all members via the secretariat.
ICMA
APPENDIX F
He said the decision-making processes for the Komati River are neither flexible nor efficient enough to properly meet the needs of stakeholders. BJ agreed that this dam should definitely be included in the DSS, and that its inclusion could be one of the first changes to the model. CM asked for clarification on the capabilities of the model in terms of different components of the ecological reserve.
It was generally agreed that the implementation of the ecological reserve should be a priority item on the agenda of future operational committee meetings.
APPENDIX G
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR SOCIAL LEARNING AND CONSENSUS BASED DECISION MAKING
Do you feel that the formal relationships and networks around AOWRM in Crocodile River and promoted by CROCOC are well established. Do you feel that the informal relationships and networks around AOWRM in Crocodile River and promoted by CROCOC are well established. Do you feel that there is good access to and exchange of information regarding OWRM.
Do you think it is enough? downstream for effective AOWRM in Crocodile River.
APPENDIX H
AWARENESS CREATION PAMPHLETT FOR THE CROCODILE RIVER OPERATIONS COMMITTEE
LIST AND DISCUSSION OF THE DATA SOURCES RELEVANT TO OPERATIONAL WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
COMMENCEMENT OF THE STUDY
The new land cover developed by the ICMA improved on this and produced a revised wetland cover. A high resolution DEM was developed by the ICMA in 2013 to enable improved rainfall runoff and operational modelling. The verification project of the ICMA will update this information, after which it should be incorporated into WARMS.
This will be included as an aspect of the Water Allocation Plan (Chapter 2, Part 2 (S9)(e) and NWA) to be implemented by ICMA.
APPENDIX J
RIVER OPERATIONS DATA AND INFORMATION NEEDS QUESTIONAIRE
Formats in which you want to see this data: Map Table Chart Other, detailed below.
APPENDIX K
RIVER FLOW GUAGING STATIONS IN THE CROCODILE CATCHMENT
X2H024 Suidkaap River to Glenthorpe (Cable Length =10m) N X2H031 Suidkaap River to Bormansdrift (Cable Length = 10m) N X2H047 Swartkoppiespruit to Kindergoed (Main tributary to Crocodile Land. X2H032 Krokodil to Weltevrede (Croco River Mouth) (Length of cable = 10 m) Y X2H012 Dawsonspruit (Upstream and main tributary to Elands River (Cable . Length = 5 m) N.
APPENDIX L
EXISTING RAINFALL STATIONS IN THE INKOMATI
SASRI रिअल टाइममध्ये होते - SASRI - Coopersdal - सासरी संशोधन संस्था SASRI रिअल टाइममध्ये WS - SASRI - कालरुग - इनाला. रिअल टाइममध्ये नाही डीडब्ल्यूए डा गामा डॅम रिअल टाइममध्ये नाही डीडब्ल्यूए ड्रायकोपीस डॅम रिअल टाइममध्ये नाही डीडब्ल्यूए वायगेबूम डॅम.
APPENDIX M
MOA BETWEEN ICMA RAINFALL GAUGE HOSTS
The grantor has access to the rainfall station and the right to view the data collected through the rainfall station and can use them in the management of water resources on his property. The Grantor undertakes not to interfere with the proper operation of the Rainfall Station and to endeavor to ensure that no person, animal or plant or physical structure or object interferes with the proper operation of the Rainfall Station at all times. The grantor allows access to the precipitation measuring station to authorized ICMA personnel, who will be identified in writing to the grantor for the purposes of any necessary work, inspections and maintenance at the precipitation station.
No compensation is paid for the land made available to ICMA for the rain gauge station.
APPENDIX N
EQUIPMENT AND COSTS TO MAINTAIN ICMA RAINFALL GAUGES
APPENDIX O
DEVELOPMENT OF LONG TERM OPERATING RULES
