Recommendations were therefore made for further research into the technological support systems available to the planning profession. GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System ICM Integrated Coastal Management ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management IDP Integrated Development Plan.
INTRODUCTION
Recognized Outcome
One of the proposed outcomes of this study is that more research will be needed if sustainable coastal management strategies and planning are to be undertaken. This claim can be made because the implementation of a Planning Support System for coastal Upper left; Photo 1- 'Golden Mile'.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- Aim
- Objectives
What recommendations can be made regarding land use management in terms of applying planning support technology in designing management plans for the study area.
KEY CONCEPTS
- Sustainable Integrated Development Planning
- Integrated Coastal Zone Management
- Integrated Development Planning
- Planning Support Systems
A national database for coastal zone management is considered necessary as there is a need for an information and decision support system for coastal managers to work with (DEAT, 2000). The diagram above was derived by reviewing how the authors presented their LUMS and represents what would be required for a coastal zone management PSS.
RESEARCH DESIGN
- Aim
- Research methods
- Data collection procedures
- Samples
- Table of Key informants
- Measures to ensure validity and reliability
- Process of Data Analysis
Using the case of the South Durban Basin: what impact did storm surges have on coastal management plans. An assessment of the application of technology in the design of coastal management plans has been made.
CHAPTER LAYOUT
Experience was derived from an evaluation of the precedent studies, and from this recommendations for the use of PSS could emerge. This chapter presents an overview of the primary and secondary information on the South Durban Basin case study.
LIMITATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
Perceptions of the use of assistive technology in planning were examined to discover how planning support systems can be used. The use of research in the design of supporting technologies for coastal research and management was recommended.
INTRODUCTION
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE
The expression: "knowledge is power," symbolizes that evidence-based information is considered critical in the decision-making process. The "disparity in the penetration of microcomputers is likely to give as much concern to spatial planners of the post-industrial future as unemployment patterns did in the industrial past," Batty.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGY
Enabling a mechanism to establish an integrated system where up-to-date and accessible data about the coast is located is the coastal PSS. Democratic processes are essential in the context of current world politics, but strategic decision-making requires technocratic input.
CONTEXT
Scientifically derived knowledge to inform planning practice can be seen as a taken-for-granted approach. Biermann (2010) better specifies the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence a PSS in the planning context and has described the current spatial planning context in S.A.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The environmental aspects of sustainability generally relate to the preservation or preservation of the natural environment. 28 Spatial planning requires a better understanding of the social and economic dynamics that influence the environment.
LEGISLATION
- Hierarchy of Plans
- Integrated development planning
The Integrated Coastal Zone Management Act (2008) was derived from and forms the coastal component of NEMA. ICMA (2008) in conjunction with NEMA was designed to enforce legal procedures for coastal zone management practices.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The IDP-based CMP sub-design was piloted in Durban, South Africa (see Chapter Three). Legislation and integrated coastal zone management processes need to be brought together to produce research and plans to develop PSS for urban coastal management.
PLANNING SUPPORT SYSTEMS
- Table Showing the Range of variables to profile as part of a relational spatial analysis
- Table of Types of PSS including their Functions
Geospatial technology refers to the components of a PSS that map features on the Earth's surface. Although this list is not exhaustive, it provides an introduction to the various uses of planning support technologies.
INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT
- Planning Support in Coastal Land Use Management
- Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
- Remote Sensing and Aerial Photography
- Implications for South African Coastal Management
Sonak and Shaw stated that: "The role of shelterbelts in protecting against storm surge and other natural hazards needs to be documented more systematically" as they have the potential to reduce coastal vulnerability. By and large, South Africa faces the legacy of segregation, "The most obvious features of the South African context are the history of apartheid and, from 1994, the transformation of the country's spatial,.
CONCLUDING COMMENTS
It can then be argued that institutional sophistication can be enhanced using PSS intelligence. The pros and cons regarding the use of technology for coastal planning and management are explored.
PRECEDING AND PRESENT CASES
CHALLENGES AND TOOLS OF THE TRADE
- Table Showing the Matrix of some of the tools use for coastal management
From the extensive literature review undertaken for this research, coastal management planning challenges have covered a very wide area. A matrix based on a narrow understanding of coastal management plans has been created to illustrate how different coastal management planning tools can be used to create a management plan (see table 3.2.1).
CAUSE AND EFFECT
Encroachments / encroachments of the built environment (cause) on the natural environment along the coast have great impacts (effects). Cause and effect are integral to the development of coastal zone management strategies for climate change.
NEW ZEALAND: POLICY AND LEGISLATION
- New Zealand: Policy and Legislation
- Applying PSS in Local Planning
57 Several examples of coastal management initiatives addressing coastal risk management are prevalent in New Zealand. The RMA (Act No 69 of 1991) has provided a framework for ICM which makes the New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement (NZCPS) mandatory (Scouller, 2011).
AUSTRALIA: TOOLS AND METHODOLOGIES
- ICM in Australia
- Challenges in applying a PSS
64 Petit (2005), Abuodha and Woodroffe (2006) noted that the Australian continents unique feature was the longest coastline of any continent and approximately 80% of Australia's population occupy the coastal areas; "The Australian coastline is one of the longest of any nation, but its length depends on how the coastline is defined and measured" (Harvey and Woodroffe, 2008: 67). The guidelines for planning and managing the coastline were based on the Precautionary Principle which stated that "a lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation." The principle applies to ICZM, which is a governance mechanism for sustainable development.
THAILAND: POST-TSUNAMI INITIATIVES
- Developing a PSS toward sustainable development
Descriptions of each technical element have been provided and many of the tasks described are suitable for software available as PSS. From the perspective of the planning profession, tasks include assessment and analysis for coastal management and disaster prevention.
SOUTH AFRICA DEVELOPING PSS AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT LEGISLATION
- Challenges in South Africa: Case of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN)
- Applicability: Local Context
- Case: Integrated Planning and Development Modeling
There are many strategic coastal management initiatives since the implementation of the National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act (G 31884, GoN 138). 74 There were no cases of a PSS designed specifically for coastal management or any other planning scenario specifically for the coastline.
TECHNOLOGICAL DRIVERS AND THE PROFESSIONALS IMPLEMENTING PLANS
TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS AND EXPERTS WHO IMPLEMENT THE PLANS The use of technologies to support planning was determined by the creators for action. Instead, a dedicated coastal management team can incorporate tools as reflected in the PSS (this represents a separate topic for research).
CONCLUDING COMMENTS
- Conflicting areas of interest
Key information regarding coastal management has been derived from various sources to provide context for the use of PSS. Data obtained from each of the sources served to enable the application of the PSS.
THE SOUTH DURBAN: A CASE STUDY
THE STUDY AREA
- Table Showing the Breakdown of the SDB study area
The Coastal Management Plan for the Southern Industrial Basin has identified a coastal zone with site boundaries as follows:. The study area was further subdivided in this chapter to compare the land use of different coastal suburbs.
REALITIES: SOUTH DURBAN BASIN BEACHED
- The Physical Environment
- Coastal form
The physical characteristics of the study area are; topography, environmental features coastal form and geology. The maps show that there are different gradients along the coastline of the study area.
CLIMATE CHANGE
97 Severe environmental stress has increased the potential risk of the area, especially considering the densities of buildings and population. Property damage was the result of ill-advised urban planning during the coastal building boom of the last two decades.
DEVELOPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE
- Facilities and level of development
- Infrastructure, Road Hierarchy and Circulation
Amanzimtoti had a completely different profile to the rest of the study area due to the higher densities and flatter topography. The road network is inherently urban and therefore contains the infrastructure needs of the community (in terms of water, electricity and sanitation).
SOCIAL CHARACTER
- Table of Populations per Ward
- Community need assessment
- Economic factors
- Table Showing Problem Definition and Possible Interventions
Strategies must take into account the accessibility of the coastline, which has been privatized by the development of the area. Income generation, employment creation and manufacturing in the locality influence the economy of the area.
DIFFERENT BUT THE SAME: CONCLUDING COMMENTS
INTRODUCTION
A summary of the results against the research objectives follows, as well as the lessons learned, which discussed the applicability of assistive technology.
SUMMARY
- Integrated Planning
- Re-defining PSS
It has shown that if technological tools are implemented and understood correctly, there was a higher quality of the coastal management plans. The methods discussed in the literature were new tools for assessing coastal vulnerability.
LESSONS LEARNED
- Finally, What about the Application of a PSS in S.A.?
An evaluation of the performance of GIS as a decision support tool in land use management. A GIS assessment of development and land use change in the coastal zone of the Ndlambe and Ngqushwa local municipalities.
SUMMARISED OBSERVATIONS OF EXISTING LAND USES
KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
Key Informant 2: eThekwini official involved in coastal management planning. What are the challenges in designing integrated coastal management.
ETHICAL APPROVAL LETTER
Locality of the South Durban Basin Case Study
Internet access has enabled practitioners to be more connected and have access to technology that was previously only available to specialists, especially in terms of GIS and RS; “The advancement of GIS and remote sensing on the Internet and the (world wide web) WWW has meant that both technologies are now available to anyone with a computer and modem or other form of Internet access. In terms of coastal management; "Hazards are created by a conflict between human land use and physical processes on the coastline" (Ministry of Environment, 2009: 2).
Australia and New Zealand
Despite the legislature's objectives regarding coastal zones, an Independent Review of the EPBC Act 1999 stated that the mechanisms for integrating ocean policy with coastal zone policy have not yet been realised: “The lack of legislative support for coastal policy at national level has As a result, the Commonwealth has not taken a strong role in coastal planning and management despite the critical current and future impacts of climate change and 'sea change' (coastal development),” (Wescott, 2008). The potential for residential and other coastal developments to be adversely affected by climate change has important implications for the associated responsibilities of planning authorities, who act as 'guardians of the coast'. In Australia, planning is primarily the responsibility of state governments in accordance with state planning laws and policies, although decision-making on approvals for individual projects is generally delegated to local governments,” (Peel and Godden, 2009: 37).
Depiction of the islands and coastline of Thailand
Negotiating with local and national Thai authorities, and more specifically with the communities themselves.. Develop a variety of alternative livelihoods and coastal micro-enterprises that are sustainable and environmentally sustainable.. Assist local authorities and communities in the deployment, design and construction of infrastructure damaged coastlines and coastline protection that are environmentally responsible and reduce vulnerability to future natural hazards", PSS, as discussed in chapter two, can help format communications and design alternative scenarios. However, the use of available technological tools and scenario methods clearly indicated that planning for coastal management and research would benefit from a PSS.
Locality of the SDB Study area
The physical features of the study area were extracted from various sources and mapped through the Arc Map GIS software program. To compare land use along the coastline, the study area has been further subdivided (see Figure 15 right).
Contours of the Amanzimtoti Study Area
Contours of the Brighton Beach Study Area
Contours of the Merewent Study Area
Contours of the Ocean View Study Area
Developments along the coastline are located directly behind the main coastal dunes, excluding some recreational and residential areas. The maps illustrated the contradiction between the plan and the reality of development along the coastline.
Land Uses of the Amanzimtoti Study Area
Land Uses of the Brighton Beach Study Area
Land Uses of the Merewent Study Area
Land Uses of the Ocean View Study Area
Conservation / "green" areas along the coastline and industrial areas define Durban's southern coastline (refer to land use maps in annex 9-12). Coastal form is defined by the aesthetic qualities of the coast which are based on natural features, oceanic movement and modified by the built form along the coastline.
Geology of the Amanzimtoti Study Area
Geology of the Brighton Beach Study Area
Geology of the Merewent Study Area
Geology of the Ocean View Study Area
There are other areas that have not preserved the integrity of the natural shoreline, increasing the risks of property damage. The study area has distinct road networks of a twisted grid pattern; local distributor roads are clearly visible in the attached Google Maps which showed that the grid system changes along the coastline as the residential roads form cul-de-sacs (see figure 20 for Marine Drive and Kingsway St.).
Zoning of the Amanzimtoti Study Area
Zoning of the Brighton Beach Study Area
Zoning of the Merewent Study Area
Zoning of the Ocean View Study Area
There are numerous coastal stakeholders involved in the coastal strip of SDB. International assessments of coastal zone vulnerability to climate change, including an Australian perspective.
