This thesis compares levels of housing satisfaction between location and informal settlement upgrading facilities and projects. Chapter Four: An analysis of housing satisfaction levels in site and service improvement projects and informal settlements.
Introduction 01
Location and services take place in greenfield areas (i.e. land is cleared and then basic amenities and a core house are provided). People relocated from a squatter settlement are then housed in site and service projects (Department of Housing: 1994).
Problem statement 03
Research question 04
Subsidiary questions 04
Security of tenure can be defined as "the right of all individuals and groups to effective protection by the state against forced removals" (UN HABITAT: 2005). The remaining 25 percent of the beneficiaries indicated that they were satisfied with the construction material used.
Conceptual Definition 05
Beneficiaries 05
A typical land and service scheme provides vacant serviced land, but in a South African context, housing agencies introduced an initial contractor-built development (core house) which is left to the homeowner to complete gradually. In South Africa, the place and services consist of core housing, basic services and real estate (Vliet: 1998).
Informal Settlement Upgrading 05
The South African Housing Policy sets guidelines to be followed in the implementation of the two methods of housing delivery: location and services and settlement upgrade programmes. In the South African context, incremental housing refers to a process whereby the government, rather than providing a complete housing unit, provides core housing at a site and services programs and settlement modernization projects with basic services and tenure security and supports beneficiaries in complete their living situation. housing unit on a progressive basis, in their own time and when resources permit (Department of Housing: 1994).
Secondary sources 08
This section outlines the ways in which the study was conducted and the type of information collected to answer the research question.
Primary sources 08
Selection of Case Studies 08
The case study areas of Tshelimnyama Phase 3, Illovo Phase 4 and Bester’s Camp were purposefully selected as there were beneficiaries known to the researcher, allowing easy access to the area and interaction with the community.
Sampling of the Household Surveyed 09
Sampling of the Beneficiaries 09
In cases where the recipients could not read or write, the researcher asked questions orally and completed the questionnaires on their behalf. The open-ended questions consisted of questions where the respondents could give more details in their answers without restrictions, for example what you think should be done to improve your environment.
Interviews 10
- Housing Policy Experts 10
- Interviews with the local councilors 11
In the South African context, the role of the government is a supporter of housing and the beneficiaries are responsible for consolidating their housing. Housing satisfaction research reflects the beliefs, feelings and behavioral tendencies of the recipients in relation to their housing. The history of the case studies illustrates how historical events have influenced the beneficiaries' level of housing satisfaction.
In Tshelimnyama, 80 percent of beneficiaries declared that they were satisfied with the water supply. In Bester's Camp, 100 percent of the beneficiaries were satisfied with waste collection in their areas. In Tshelimyama, 85 percent of beneficiaries said they were satisfied with waste collection in the area.
In Bester's Camp, 100 percent of respondents were satisfied with access to educational facilities. In Old Dunbar, 75 percent of respondents were satisfied with access to education facilities. In Tshelimnyama, 100 percent of beneficiaries complained about the lack of a secondary school in the area.
Satisfaction with Health Facilities 56
The findings showed that across the four case studies, beneficiaries were 100 percent satisfied with access to buses and taxis. In Bester's Camp and Old Dunbar, the informal settlement modernization programmes, there was general satisfaction with electricity supply, water supply, waste collection and access to education and health care facilities. The findings also showed that beneficiaries were satisfied with access to road and other commuter infrastructure and telecommunications services.
It is clear that sanitation still remains crude and unsatisfactory for households in settlement improvement projects. However, access to health and education facilities remained a major challenge in the country and services. The question we need to ask is whether the policy goals, in terms of providing a housing environment that provides access to basic services, have been met in the case studies.
The Housing Act 107 of 1997 requires the South African government to provide habitable, stable and suitable housing environments with access to drinking water, adequate sanitation and domestic energy supplies, as well as health, education and social services (Department of Housing: 1994 ).
Satisfaction with the Size of the Dwelling Unit 58
In Old Dunbar, 65 per cent of beneficiaries said they were not satisfied with the size of their houses. The findings showed that in Tshelimnyama Phase 3, 80 percent were satisfied with the size of their housing units. In the 4th phase of Illovo, 75 percent of beneficiaries stated that they were dissatisfied with the size of their apartment.
These beneficiaries indicated that they cannot afford to buy building materials because they are unemployed, while 25 percent of beneficiaries indicated that they were satisfied with the size of their housing. It should be noted that it was difficult to assess the level of satisfaction with the size of the housing unit, as the beneficiaries would say what they felt without taking into account that the National Housing Code (2009) imposed on them the responsibility of consolidating their housing . In the interview with Mr Byerley, when asked to comment on the size of the housing unit, he also admitted that 40m² was not enough to house the whole family.
The findings of the study confirm this, and showed that satisfaction with the size of the housing unit is dependent on the household's size and their income status.
Privacy Levels 60
In Bester's Camp, 85 percent of the beneficiaries said they were dissatisfied with the quality of building materials used. In Old Dunbar, 10 percent of beneficiaries said they were satisfied with the quality of their building materials because their homes had no defects. However, 90 percent of the beneficiaries expressed their dissatisfaction with the building materials used as the houses had cracks in the walls.
In Illovo, 90 percent of beneficiaries stated that they were satisfied with their security in possession of their deeds. In Bester's Camp, 75 percent of the beneficiaries declared that they were satisfied with the quality of their housing. However, the remaining 40 percent of respondents stated that they were dissatisfied with their housing quality.
In Tshelimnyama, 25 percent of beneficiaries interviewed indicated that they used their housing for income generation opportunities. The objectives of the Housing Policy are to ensure that the beneficiaries have a secure stay. The findings of the study indicated that in South Africa, there is an overemphasis on site and service development rather than informal settlement improvement projects.
Satisfaction with the Quality of Building Materials 61
Satisfaction with Security of Tenure 65
At Bester’s Camp, 90 percent of beneficiaries said they were satisfied and honored to have secured title deeds. In Old Dunbar, 100 percent of beneficiaries said they were dissatisfied with not having tenure. The remaining 20 percent of the beneficiaries interviewed indicated that they were satisfied with their quality of life because they had their own home.
The results in Old Dunbar showed that 70 percent of beneficiaries were not using their homes for income-generating opportunities. But before that, the size of the housing unit depended on the history of the project. They indicated that the factors that contribute to housing satisfaction include issues such as location, access to services and facilities and the general neighborhood of the settlement.
The study showed that location was one of the most important determinants of housing satisfaction in both delivery approaches. The findings of the study showed that there was high poverty rate in all the case studies. Comparison of the levels of housing satisfaction in the two housing delivery methods, the site and services and settlement upgrade projects.
Satisfaction with Residential Quality 66
Satisfaction with income Generating opportunities 67
Interview with Mr Byerley 70
Interview with Project Managers 72
Summary of Findings 74
The findings of this research show that there are higher levels of residential satisfaction in upgrading informal settlements than in field housing and service projects in the eThekwini municipality. Based on the findings from the case studies, the location of the projects was the main reason for higher levels of employment opportunities recorded in the improved settlements than in the location and services schemes. In informal settlement housing improvement projects, the reasons cited for higher levels of satisfaction with location were that households were strategically positioned near employment opportunities.
In the informal settlement, it was a problem to upgrade housing projects, sanitation and getting water connected to recipient houses. In this regard, the results of the study showed that both delivery methods work better if certain aspects of the housing environment are addressed, for example, if sanitation and the water connection problem were addressed in the informal settlement upgrading projects, higher satisfaction levels would have been recorded. The literature review has shown that low-income housing projects in South Africa are still located on the periphery.
Findings showed that although satisfaction levels with land and service title deeds were higher than in residential settlement upgrading projects, beneficiaries in informal settlement upgrading projects did not feel threatened with eviction as they were promised to wait for their title deeds. documents.
Conclusions 76
Good Location 77
Basic Services, Infrastructure and Facilities 77
Creation of Job Opportunities 78
Land Acquisition for Informal Settlement Upgrading 78
The study concludes that there are higher levels of housing satisfaction in the informal settlement upgrade than the site and services, because beneficiaries make conscious choices about where to locate their housing. There were low levels of satisfaction with the site and services because the livelihood strategies were not met. The study also suggests that there is a higher level of housing satisfaction in the informal settlement upgrading projects because land and services are developed on new land, divided into service areas with core housing and often on the periphery.
Low Income Housing in the Developing World: The Role of Site and Services and Settlement Upgrading, Wiley, Chichester. 1984) Low Income Housing in Developing World: The Role of Site and Services and Settlement Upgrading, Wiley, Chichester. Low Income Housing for the Developing World: The Role of Site and Services and Settlement Upgrading, Wiley, Chichester.
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