My gratitude goes to all the elderly Nyangwini participants who made my dream of this study come true. My word of appreciation goes to you Thabisa (Sikhumbuzo) for the recorder you provided for the interview schedules conducted in this study and the support you provided during my study period. The Health Belief Model (HBM) seven theoretical constructs were used in analyzing the findings of this study.
This study justified or established the need for more research on dietary practices as a lifestyle risk factor for NCDs among the elderly in a rural setting in KwaZulu-Natal. The following definitions are presented for a clear understanding of the terms and concepts used in this study.
- Introduction
- The Problem Statement
- Theoretical Framework
- The Main Purpose
- Objectives
- Questions to be asked
- Location of the Study
- Non-Communicable Diseases in Urban and Rural South Africa
- Conclusion
- Organization of the remainder of the Study
Thus, this investigation will focus on dietary practices as a lifestyle risk factor for NCDs among the elderly in rural areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Dietary practices as a lifestyle risk factor for non-communicable diseases among the elderly in a rural setting in KwaZulu-Natal. To describe potential cues for action in adopting a healthy diet among older adults in a rural setting.
What could be the potential cues for a healthy diet among the elderly in a rural setting. What is the self-efficacy of the required behavior to achieve the required outcome among the elderly in a rural setting.
- Introduction
- The Nutrition Transition
- Dietary Measures to Prevent DR-NCDs
- Dietary Practices in Urban and Rural South Africa
- Dietary Practices of the Elderly in the 21st Century
- Dietary Practices of the Elderly in South Africa
- Conclusion
In relation to the above discussion, it is clear that non-communicable diseases are increasingly becoming an epidemic to eradicate the elderly community in the 21st century. However, the evidence already presented has also shown that some upper-middle-income developing countries, such as South Africa, lack adequate research on the in-depth growth of NCDs. As a result, South Africa lacks policies and adequate mechanisms to contain the outbreak of NCDs.
Furthermore, cold infectious diseases have left their mark in rural settings and are likely to escalate, as South Africa has the "fastest growing elderly population in the Southern African region" (Mkhize et al, 2013, p.1). Given the fact that South Africa is predominantly rural, more research on NCDs should be conducted in rural areas.
Introduction
- Nyangwini Background Account
Qualitative Research
Health Belief Model
Sampling Method
Sampling Approach Applied
Data Collection Procedure
The Study Settings
- Nyangwini Sample Account
Ethical Guidelines Undertaken
Thematic Analysis
- Coding
Validity, Reliability and Rigour
- Credibility
- Transferability
- Dependability
- Confirmability
Conclusion
Introduction
NCDs Perceived Susceptibility
NCDs Perceived Severity
Awareness of diet as it is related to NCDs
Perceived Benefits of adopting a healthy diet
Dietary Practices Perceived Barriers
Cues to Action
Dietary Practices of the Perceived Threat
Summary
Introduction
In addition, it contains specific recommendations derived from the findings of the study in Chapter Four for further study.
Discussion
As a result, this remains a huge barrier to healthy eating among the elderly in rural KwaZulu-Natal, according to the findings of this study. Third, there was a reported high level of salt intake used in cooking in South Africa among the older participants. Fifth, excess oil intake used in cooking food in South Africa is also a lifestyle risk factor for NCDs among the elderly in rural settings.
According to the findings of this study, almost half of the elderly respondents indicated that they used to fry using "hydrogenated vegetable oils" when cooking. Sixth, beverages sweetened with sugar and sucrose were frequently consumed, although participants found that they increased the risk of noncommunicable diseases in the elderly in a rural setting. Seventh, simple excess consumption of any food has been found to be associated with obesity and associated non-communicable diseases among the elderly in a rural setting.
This study found that NCDs are common among the elderly and all the elderly participants in this study were at high risk of NCDs. Consequently, numerous studies have confirmed that it may be due to poor health status and more importantly, the poor diet that the elderly lead as a lifestyle. It was also clear from this study that the elderly participants like tasty food or tasty and tasty food.
All these factors reduce the enjoyment of food and thus reduce the appetite of the elderly for simple tastes. In addition, the local spa shops mentioned by the older participants in this study provided a poor quality of available healthy food, as the fruits and vegetables they sold were not fresh. This was a similar case with the elderly participants in this study, the only reliable area for the quality produce they needed was Port Shepstone and it is 8 kilometers away from Nyangwini, their place of residence.
Recommendations
Elderly people in a rural environment had some knowledge about what an unhealthy diet entailed and the negative effects it had on their lives. However, due to the fact that shops and supermarkets are the only dominant and visible structures in the food industry, elderly people had no choice but to rely on them as a source of food supply in a rural environment. Therefore, an alternative mechanism needs to be formulated to counter the effect that these stores contribute to the prevalence of unhealthy food in rural areas: Statements of good practice in this area include the implementation of zoning policies to attract food retailers to low-income neighborhoods to expanding availability of healthy foods (e.g., supporting farmers markets and fresh fruit and vegetable outlets), and limiting the availability of unhealthy foods (e.g., fast-food restaurants) around schools through zoning restrictions.”
In addition, community-based garden projects, funded and supervised by government employees who are agricultural professionals, should be established in all rural areas. All families in this rural area should be encouraged to be the registered beneficiaries of this project. Swinburn et al, argue that “The level of funding for population prevention of diet-related NCDs is likely to be low and inadequate, but this has not been thoroughly monitored.
Finally, the elderly participants in this study were silent on the role of the media in promoting healthy diets to the general public. As a result, the media failed greatly among the elderly and the general public, who would have benefited from its publicity. In essence, media is supposed to be the instrumental tool that can be used by both government and professionals to educate people about the consequences of eating the unhealthy diets and benefits of eating healthy diets.
Government, food industry professionals, non-profit organizations and all other interested parties should take advantage of media publicity. Effectively limiting the promotion of unhealthy food to children is likely to require strong government intervention, such as legislation (rather than self-regulation by the food industry).” (Swinburn et al, 2013, p. 25). As a result, statements of good practice by the government and the experts involved will use the media to warn citizens and even limit media advertising of unhealthy food and drink among the elderly in rural areas.
Conclusion
For example, research evidence has shown that there is a link between the promotion of unhealthy foods for children and childhood obesity.
Limitations of the Study
Adherence to AICR Recommendations for Cancer Prevention and Subsequent Morbidity and Mortality in the Iowa Women's Health Study Cohort. Dietary intake, perceptions regarding body weight, and attitudes toward weight management among normal-weight, overweight, and obese black women in a rural village in South Africa. Physical inactivity is the most important determinant of obesity among black women in the North West Province, South Africa: the THUSA study.
Prevalence and determinants of diabetes and cardiovascular comorbidity in South Africa – results from the South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES-1). Diet quality and patterns and risk of non-communicable diseases of an Indian community in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Dietary diversity and fitness of women caregivers in a peri-urban informal settlement in South Africa.
Sodium content of processed foods in South Africa during the introduction of mandatory sodium restrictions. The shift in dietary transition rates in developing countries differs from past experience. Views and perceptions of healthy eating in Soweto, an urban African community in South Africa: Healthy eating in Soweto.
South African National Health and Nutrition Research Survey (SANHANES-1); HSRC Press: Cape Town, South Africa. Added sugar intake in South Africa: findings from the Adult Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) cohort study. Use salt and foods high in salt sparingly”: a food-based dietary guideline for South Africa.
Approval letter from UKZN Ethics Committee
Informed consent form
If participants feel that they are no longer comfortable participating in the study, they have the right to withdraw from the study at any time. Participants will not be liable for any penalties in case of refusal/withdrawal from the study. Under no circumstances does the researcher intend to exclude any participant from the study.
No incentives or reimbursements for participation in the study will be given to the participants. The information disclosed by the participants in the study session will remain personal and confidential. The digital recordings and electronic transcripts will be kept in a password protected folder on my memory stick.
No identifying information (such as consent forms) is kept with the digital or paper copies. After completion of the project, the research data (notes, audio recordings, etc.) will be kept in the supervisor's office for five years, after which they will be permanently destroyed. I have been given the opportunity to answer questions about the study and have received satisfactory answers.
I declare that my participation in this study is completely voluntary and that I can withdraw at any time without affecting the benefits to which I am normally entitled. Audio record my interview/focus group discussion YES Video record my interview/focus group discussion NO Lolu sukta lusingethwe nguDokotela Kerry Vermmak tsini kwesikole seBuilt Environment and Development Studies eUniversity yakwaZulu-Natali lapho ngifunda khona.
Questionnaire
