Introduction
Problem statement
Aim and objective of the research
The aim is to first: investigate the perceptions and expectations of stakeholders of EMF as a legislative environmental management and assessment tool; and second: to facilitate and improve marketing and adoption of EMF by stakeholders in the future. Investigate perceptions and expectations these stakeholders have about EMF as a new environmental and development tool;.
Structure of the dissertation
For the purposes of this research, marketing and acceptance refers to understanding how to make electromagnetic fields effective in order to increase positive acceptance and use by stakeholders. Brief concluding remarks are also given in accordance with the aims and objectives of the research.
Summary
Introduction
Global evolution of environmental management
The Marshall Plan's failure, it was argued, was due to the fact that it promoted economic dependence and political dominance. Sustainable development was a top agenda item at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, also known as the 'Earth Summit' or 'Rio de Janeiro Summit' of June 1992 (Therivel et al., 1992; DEAT, 2004; Rogers et al., 2008).
South African Environmental legislation
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Environmental Management Plans (EMP)
Identify relevant strategic issues and goals and the desired state of the environment in the area. Power Point presentation of project results (a copy must be available for use by the ministry).
Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
Environmental Management Frameworks (EMFs)
EMF and other planning tools at provincial and local levels
- Bioregional planning
- Integrated Development Planning
EMF Conceptual Framework
EMF as an operational tool within bigger EIA process
Theoretical conceptualization of EMF within the hierarchy of IEM tools
Summary
International and local literature was reviewed to gain insight into the topic of EMFs. Historical development of EMFs in South Africa was discussed as supported by national environmental legislative frameworks.
Introduction
Context
Coastal area between Kei River and Boknei on the eastern coast of the Eastern Cape Province. To help decision makers promote effective resource management strategies and manage development activities within coastal areas.
Understanding stakeholder perceptions and expectations and the crisis surrounding EIA applications in
In 2006, the DEA added EMF development to its business plan with the aim of improving environmental management practices in the country, particularly at the provincial and local levels (DEAT, 2006). The idea of including EMF in the DEA business plan was encouraged by the promulgation of the NEMA EIA Regulations in 2006 (DEAT, 2008). In addition, financial assistance obtained from donors such as the Danish International Development Agency (Danida) and the DEA's Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) was allocated to the pilot development of EMF in the seven municipalities mentioned above.
Poor stakeholder interest in the EMF pilot projects occurred despite explicit legal requirements to have the environment managed concurrently by national, provincial and local authorities.
Methodology
Data gathering
- Literature review
- Participant observation
- Key informant interviews …
- Questionnaire survey
This is a research methodology where the researcher is an active part of the group being studied. The researcher's preconceived ideas did not influence the informants' perceptions and expectations because this could have compromised the quality of the data collected. The issues covered by the questionnaire were similar to those addressed in the participant observation and key informant interview methodologies.
Therefore, it was deemed appropriate that a limited number of DEA Environmental Impact Management personnel participate in the pilot.
Summary
It became critical to send the questionnaire to junior, middle and senior management at the DEA. Informants for this pilot were drawn from DEA headquarters because they were the people involved with EMF planning and its implementation in the provinces and municipalities. Furthermore, the DEA funded this research and the product of this research was to assist in the development of a working document that would benefit the department.
Once errors and irregularities were identified and corrected in the pilot exercise, a number of questionnaires were to be distributed to selected informants at an information sharing workshop to be held in Pretoria on 13-14 November 2008.
Introduction
Presentation of the results
Participant observation
Key informant interviews
Questionnaire survey
- Pilot questionnaire survey
- Actual questionnaire survey
In line with the identity badges provided at the information sharing workshop, section A of the questionnaire allowed each individual informant to provide their organizational details. The questionnaire survey return rate was 38%, that is, 18 out of 50 questionnaires were completed and returned. Some questionnaires were not returned because the informants did not attend the second day of the workshop.
Although some of the informants requested extensions and promised to fax the interviews, such informants were unlikely to cooperate once they returned to their workplaces.
Main Findings
Consistent with the researcher's preconceived ideas, this challenge may be associated with inconsistency and unreliable stakeholder involvement and participation. First, perceptions and expectations from the stakeholders were presented as keywords in a table format. A certain level of variation was allowed to accommodate new ideas relevant to the research the informants raised.
KA' stands for 'budget'; 'KB' stands for 'law enforcement'; 'KC' stands for 'stakeholder involvement'; 'KD' stands for 'intergovernmental relations'; 'KE' stands for 'roles and responsibilities'; 'KF' stands for 'meeting visits'; 'KG' stands for 'range of the EMFs'; And.
Informants’ perceptions and expectations of EMFs
In all study areas, the budget provided could not cover the full scope of the EMF;. It denies ownership of the tool by provinces and municipalities, but the tool was developed to help provinces and municipalities. According to informants especially in the Eastern Cape Province, SEAs are best suited for Extent of the EMFs must be clearly defined and standardized.
From the information in Table 4.6 above, it can be seen that in order to meet the expectations of stakeholders in the field of electromagnetic fields, significant research must be done into innovative ways to improve effectiveness and efficiency. matter of urgency.
Summary
Once the tools for improving the applicability of EMFs are established and in place, there is an opportunity for EMFs to benefit IEM in general and specifically address the remaining EIA problems as presented in Tables 3.2 and 3.3.
Introduction
Overview of the results
In the Eastern Cape Province, the main factor hindering the progress of the Great Kei in the Cannons Rocks coastal EMF was the lack of cooperation between the county and local municipalities. In the Free State province, the main factor hindering the progress of Dihlabeng Local Municipality's EMF was unclear roles and responsibilities. In the North-West Province, the main factor hindering the EMF of Madibeng Local Municipality was the challenge of successfully deploying SDF and EMF assets in the area.
In the Northern Cape, although Siyanda District Municipality EMF is the only one completed in the study areas at the time of the research, public participation has delayed the project.
Key results
- Weak legal enforcement by government
- Unclear roles and responsibilities
- Inadequate institutional arrangements
- Budget constraints
- Unreliable information sourcing
- Undefined scope of EMF
- Poor attendance of the EMF PSC meetings
All of the above examples have a direct link to EMFs being successfully or unsuccessfully implemented in the country. All DEA-sponsored EMF projects are behind schedule due to the above problems (see Table 5.1). DEA can provide funding for what is equivalent to EMF project tasks, while the full development of EMF, which is required by both provinces and municipalities, greatly increases project costs.
Inconsistent attendance at PSC meetings was deeply troubling for the DEA as the lead agent of EMF development projects.
Summary
When meetings were scheduled to arrange for the participation of appropriate managers in their respective organizations, prior commitments were cited as a reason for not attending. According to some respondents, EMF meetings were unproductive as little progress was made in these forums. Even a small advance would be the repetition of the topics discussed in the previous meetings, just to inform the new participants delegated by their respective organizations.
Budget constraints also played a role, meaning that subsistence and travel funds were not always readily available to participants, a fact exacerbated by the realization that electromagnetic fields were not seen as a priority by provinces and municipalities.
Introduction
Research review
To meet the research goals and objectives set out in Chapter One and the literature review in Chapter Two, a variety of data collection techniques were used such as participant observation, key informant interviews and questionnaire surveys (Section 3.4. 1). . The analysis of the results presented in the fourth chapter was presented in detail in the fifth chapter. Each main theme was analyzed in accordance with the aims and objectives of the study highlighted in Chapter One.
Recommendations
- Legal enforcement
- Stakeholders’ engagement
- Roles and responsibilities
- Meeting attendances
- Information sourcing
- Scope of the EMFs
- Budget
- Intergovernmental relations
Intergovernmental relations, as discussed in chapter four, showed that the process of cooperation between all spheres of government in the development of EMFs was insufficient due to unclear roles and responsibilities of stakeholders in the EMF development process. It is the responsibility of government authorities, especially the DEA in relation to EMFs, to ensure that government employees dealing with projects that require coordination by various entities such as EMFs are capable of project management and understand the politics in the country. As a result of unclear roles and responsibilities, weak stakeholder engagement, weak legal enforcement and unclear purpose of EMFs, participation in meetings has been inconsistent and poor, as shown in Table 4.1.
In drafting ToRs and SLAs, EMF product copyrights should be clearly articulated so that they belong to the customer and not the service provider.
Strategic issues
Clarification of concurrence issue in the development of EMFs
Improvement of project management skills
As a result of the above, project costs escalated to such an extent that DEA incurred additional costs due to poor project management by stakeholders. Improved skills in project management would help maximize the benefits of EMF such as social, economic and ecological benefits within the political sphere, cross-sectoral cooperation and harmonization of governance. This can be achieved through ToR guidelines from the start of any EMF project.
Improved project management skills inevitably result in capacity building, which in turn improves service delivery.
Facilitation of co-management and co-governance
It took more than three months for the relevant authorities to sign the SLA.
Remarks
Summary
A draft copy of the EMF (or relevant components thereof) must be circulated for comment to identified stakeholders. Strategic Environmental Management Plan Action Plan(s) for Implementation EMF Glossy Summary Report. The remaining 10 points are divided according to the department's specific goals.
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA IN ITS DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND TOURISM, HEREIN REFERRED TO AS "THE DEPARTMENT". THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA IN ITS PRINCIPAL DEPARTMENT HEREIN REFERRED TO AS “THE PROVINCE”. 1.4 “Department” means the Government of the Republic of South Africa in the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism.
