Therefore, the EIA needs to be reformulated to address concerns about the impact of HIV/AIDS development schemes. Mitigation and management interventions can then be built into an HIV/AIDS component of the environmental management plan.
INT RODUCTION
Introduction
The impact of HIV/AIDS on key human development indicators highlights why this epidemic is the greatest threat to public health that Africa has ever faced. The gravity of the impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic has been recognized and commitments made to address HIV/AIDS through the UN Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS ,2001), the Abuja Declaration on HIV/AIDS , Tuberculosis and other related infectious diseases (OAU, 2001) and in Millennium Development Goal 6 on the fight against HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases with target 7 that "by 2015 the spread of HIV/AIDS must be stopped and begin to be reversed (United Nations, 2005) ).
The HIV/AIDS - development dilemma
While there is a considerable body of literature on the impact of HIV/AIDS on development, not much has been written on the reverse relationship, i.e. To analyze how the current EIA policy framework and practice take into account the HIV/AIDS impacts of development.
Structure of the thesis
To determine whether there is a need for environmental impact assessment to consider the impact of HIV/AIDS. Chapter Four describes the background to the EIA process in the World Bank and the relationship with HIV/AIDS as World Bank projects formed the focus of the research.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AS AN ARTICULATION OF MODERN THINKING ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT
- Justice theory as an alternative paradigm for environmental assessment
- Definitions of justice
- The need for social justice in developing countries
- Justice within Environmental Assessment and Management
- Conclusion
A key element of the ecological modernization approach was the attempt to make environmental degradation calculable. In practice, the weaknesses of ecological modernization are reflected in the weaknesses of the EIA process.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASS ESSMENT
Conclusion
Theoretically, the use of social and health impact assessment tools should make the assessment of potential HIV/AIDS impacts fairly straightforward. However, it is clear that assessment of the effects of HIV/AIDS already faces the obstacle that exists for social and health issues in general.
HIV/AIDS AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN WORLD BANK - FUNDED PROJECTS
EIA within the World Bank is enshrined in the Bank's environmental, social and legal protection policies (World Bank, 1999). The environment is defined by the World Bank as (a) public and occupational health, (b) the naturally occurring environment, and (c) the “social” dimension (Goodland, 2000).
METHODOLOGY
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Data analysis was guided by the need to answer the main research questions. These broad themes created a framework for data analysis to understand the potential of EIA to address HIV/AIDS. Primary data from case studies and EIA reports were also used to provide practical input for the development of the framework for integrating HIV/AIDS issues into EIA.
The influence of the World Bank was another element that may have influenced the information shared by respondents. The researcher attempted to limit the bias of the study by drawing on the experience and literature of EIA and HIV/AIDS experts.
Conclusion
Finally, it should be noted that the use of a hermeneutic approach in qualitative analysis has an inherent subjectivity. It must be acknowledged that the data were interpreted and constructed according to the researcher's own subjectivity (Parfitt, 1997).
APPROACHES TO EA AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR ADDRESSING HIV/AIDS ISSUES IN THE PROCESS
Introduction
The application of the HIV/AIDS component was therefore carried out on a trust basis rather than as a prerequisite of the project. Based on these considerations, HIV/AIDS can be considered a valid impact to be assessed in the EIA process. The environmental assessment and management process therefore failed to adequately assess HIV/AIDS issues of the development.
Furthermore, HIV/AIDS issues were addressed separately from other aspects of the project. Of the three projects, the Kihansi project is a success story where recognition of HIV/AIDS in the EIA was translated into action in the management plan.
FRAMEWORK FOR INTEGRATING HIV/AIDS ISSUES INTO EIA
Social justice as a driver to address HIV/AIDS in EIA
Thus, HIV/AIDS issues should be included in the EIA depending on the level of impact of the development project on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS. In the African context, much of the information required to conduct an HIV/AIDS outreach exercise or impact assessment is likely to be either non-existent or of limited reliability. By answering these key questions, the practitioner will be able to make an informed judgment on the potential impact of the development on the HIV/AIDS status of the community.
This approach will also ensure that HIV/AIDS issues are raised early enough in the EIA process. All companies or organizations with a substantial stake in the project should ideally have either a specific HIV/AIDS policy or a chronic disease policy.
Monitoring and evaluation
The list of indicators was developed based on national HIV/AIDS monitoring indicators (Uganda HIV/AIDS Commission, 2000), project monitoring indicators and input from interviewees (Jean-Roger Mercier, 26 May 2000 and Peter Okwero, 31 October 2001 ). and personal experiences of the researcher. The amount of funds received from the project for HIV/AIDS work in and around the project site. Amount of resources contributed by the community for HIV/AIDS work in and around the project site.
The amount of resources contributed from other sources (other projects, donor agencies, government, NGOs) for HIV/AIDS work in and around the project site. The change to the EIA process entails a reformulation of how we think about the process to explicitly incorporate HIV/AIDS.
CONCLUSION
A framework for assessing HIVIAIDS in EIA
The proposed framework for addressing the impacts of HIV/AIDS in the EIA process came about as a result of the need identified by stakeholders for guidance on how to undertake the process. Most interviewees agreed that HIV/AIDS was a valid impact to assess in the EIA process, but were unsure how to go about it. This is clearly reflected in the experience of difficulties in rigorously evaluating the impacts of HIV/AIDS development projects.
The scale of the HIV/AIDS pandemic and its far-reaching impacts on development have called into question our current understanding of development progress. Integrating HIV/AIDS issues into EIA is not a simple process due to the stability of the framework, which has prevented criticism of the purpose and scope of EIA.
The role of science in environmental impact assessment: Process and procedures versus purpose in theory development. 2004). The endless question of effectiveness: Substantive purposes, results, and research challenges in advancing environmental assessment theory. ESG International and WS Atkins (2001) Bujagali Hydropower Project: Environmental Impact Assessment Report. Report prepared for AES Nile Power, Canada.
In praise of SIA - Personal review of the field of social impact assessment: feasibility, justification, history, methods, issues. eds) (1990) Methods of Social Analysis in Developing Countries. Westview Press, Boulder. 2004) Values and Theory in Impact Evaluation, Presidential Address, Annual Meeting of the International Association for Impact Evaluation, Vancouver, 29 April 2004.
TREATISE ON HIV/AIDS AND DEVELOPMENT
Introduction to HIV/AIDS
Some, if not most, of the confusion surrounding HIV/AIDS is due to the diverse biomedical conditions that can cause morbidity and mortality in infected individuals. Some groups disagree with this conclusion, notably South Africa's President Thabo Mbeki, but it remains the established view of the international scientific community that underpins global intervention strategies. The length of this period is highly variable and depends on a number of factors, including the age and health status of the individual.
It is difficult to determine who is infected with HIV, to determine what stage of the disease they are in and to predict when mortality will occur. With the disease apparently dormant, many companies underestimate the future effects of the disease and may be unprepared to deal with the consequences.
HIV/AIDS as a development issue
The time lag between HIV infection and AIDS mortality has led many stakeholders to adopt a wait-and-see approach as the impact of HIV/AIDS on morbidity and mortality has yet to materialize, despite high HIV prevalence.
The impact of HIVIAIDS on human development
HIV/AIDS usually attacks and kills young adults who often have families and are economically productive. When advocating for the integration of HIV/AIDS issues into EA, it is important to recognize the underlying factors that drive HIV transmission. A simplistic approach to HIV/AIDS can be detrimental and the next section provides a background to the dynamics of HIV/AIDS.
Development project managers and those responsible for addressing HIV/AIDS issues need to keep this bigger picture in mind when approaching the issue of HIV/AIDS. Although there is a considerable body of literature on the impact of HIV/AIDS on development, little has been written about the reverse relationship, i.e.
The role of development projects in reducing the impact of HIV/AIDS in Africa
The scale of the HIV/AIDS epidemic has led to cumulative impacts that reinforce global sustainability. This may ensure that HIV/AIDS receives sufficient attention when assessing development projects. Similarly, new projects will be assessed for their potential to integrate HIV/AIDS issues into their development.
This information will be used to assess the feasibility of integrating HIV/AIDS issues into the environmental assessment. Coordinating Agency for the National HIV/AIDS Control Program (if not the DoH) National Environmental Management Authority.
INVITATION
Your presence at the workshop will contribute to positioning EA to impact one of Africa's most serious concerns. http://www.proteahotels.co.za/hotel/hotel.asp?h=sa KN01). The cost of the workshop as well as delegate travel, visas, board, subsistence and accommodation will be fully funded. This section will highlight the socio-economic links between HIV/AIDS and development, in the context of development projects.
Working groups will discuss the value of this framework for the region and whether it should be adopted for use. This section focuses on the value and means of mainstreaming HIV/AIDS into EA in the region.
IDENTIFICATION OF HIV/AIDS ISSUES WITHIN THE PHASES OF THE EA PROCESS WITH ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES Phase
