MKO Abiola: Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola MOSOP: Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People. Twenty-two participants were purposefully selected from the six geopolitical zones, based on their extensive knowledge of the Nigerian political system.
Statement of the Problem
These developments are indications of a larger political problem beyond the question of alternation of political positions between the geo-political zones. Some sections of the political elites resist the devolution of central powers to the constituent units.
Research Questions
The six main political positions: President, Vice President, Speaker of the Senate, Speaker of the House of Representatives, Vice Speaker of the Senate and Vice Speaker of the House of Representatives are rotated across the six geopolitical zones (Aiyede, 2012). : 40). They are still pushing for the restructuring of the Nigerian federal structure, despite the various integrative measures being applied.
Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study are to
The essence of this political settlement is to reverse the wave of violence often associated with the issue of political views. With the informal but widely accepted settlement measure of rotating the top six political positions between the six geopolitical zones, political elites are still "raising" some issues.
Significance and Originality of the Study
Geography
The North alone occupies more than half of the land mass and population (Abah and Okwori, 2002: 3). The provisions for a secular state are found in Section 10 of both the 1979 and 1999 constitutions which state that "The Government of the Federation or any State shall not adopt any religion as the State religion" (Federal Government of Nigeria, 1979; . Government of Federal Nigeria, 1999) .
Politics and Systems of Government
The head of the executive branch at the federal level is the president, assisted by the vice president, ministers and other public servants. At the state level, the governor is the head of the executive branch, assisted by the deputy governor, the commissioners and other public servants.
Resources and Economy
This is because the people are not empowered and they can take any resources to 'advance' the parochial interests of the political elites. It also contains research questions, purpose of the study and significance of the study.
Introduction
Federal System
Pros and Cons of a Federal System
To serve as an antidote to the challenges of plurality, a federal system must be able to manage the centrifugal forces through the instrumentality of the centripetal forces that are present in such a country. The revived debates on the need for a federal system in Kenya and Uganda, as well as the consideration of federalism as a solution to the problems of war-torn South Sudan, are indications that federalism is still recognized as a means of integration (Tsuwa and Asongo.
Plurality: A Fusion of Ethnicity and Religious Diversity
Ethnicity
Members of an ethnic group are aware of the existence of common interests that are particular to them (Peterson, Novak and Gleason, 1982: 2). Human creativity is not necessarily changing one's ethnic group, but how members of an ethnic group relate to other groups.
Religion
This definition fits this study because it contains the components highlighted in the previous sentence. Therefore, most countries in the world are guardians of religious diversity (Zavala-Pelayo and Góngora-Mera, 2016: 65).
The Nature of Ethnoreligious Violence: Comparative View
Ethnic and Religious Violence
Some countries have not been spared from ethnic and religious conflicts since the twentieth century. In these countries, the second fiddle status perceived by members of important ethnic groups evolved into political discontent and deprivation, and consequently, many of these ethnic groups expressed their frustrations through various strong political channels, including violence (Glass .
Conclusion
Although some Kurds are also Muslim, while others practice Christianity and Judaism, Saddam Hussein was against the Kurds and he insisted on forcing them to become Arabs by making it compulsory for them to speak Arabic as their official language and answered to Arabic Names (Brancati There is also discrimination against Shiites in favor of Sunnis by Saddam to the extent that he tries to force all Muslims to be Sunnis (Brancati, 2004: 10).
Introduction
The functions of the theoretical framework, as given by Bezuidenhout, are: .. i). it helps to have a theoretical scope that defines and delimits the things that are relevant or not to our study. ii). it guides and gives a particular perspective through which to examine the subject. iii). notice the concepts that are needed. iv). it is the catalyst for finding important key variables or aspects to include in our exploration of a topic. in). determines how the data for the study is collected, analyzed and interpreted. you). is a platform to help identify essential new questions and concepts for inclusion in the study. vii). Elite theory serves as a platform to explain the roles of elites in national integration and power sharing in Nigeria.
Elite Theory
The Evolution of the Nigerian Political Elites
These led to the emergence of Northern, Yoruba and Igbo elites from the majority ethnic groups. In the First and Second Republics, some supported the course of the aristocrats (NPC which later operated as the National Party of Nigeria (NPN) in the Second Republic) and those who serve as the voice of the poor (Northern Elements Progressive Union which later operated as the People's Democratic Party in the Second Republic) (Ezonbi.
The Characteristics of the Nigerian Political Elites
This action led to the formation of the Nigerian National Federation and the United Progressive Grand Alliance. The event also meant the transfer of the activities of ethnic elites to the army.
Integration Theory
Therefore, it is difficult to have a culture, but it is possible to achieve loyalty to the country over ethnicity, religion and culture. It is about the relationship between leaders and followers to fulfill their self-interest.
Relative Deprivation Theory
Relative deprivation has been criticized by researchers (Dube and Guimond, 1986; Martin and Murray, 1984) because it neglects actual deprivation and uses perceived deprivation (Asingo, 2018: 68). Stark and Taylor (1991), in their study of migration incentives, used the theory of relative deprivation.
Conclusion
To elicit lessons for Nigeria, the discussion of these models will be embedded in the discussion of their applications in other countries. This chapter begins with a general discussion of power sharing, this will be followed by the discussion of consociationalism and centripetalism respectively.
Power Sharing
This does not alter the fact that power sharing can be applied in any form of democracy. Power sharing in Nigeria has been carried out at various levels through structured institutional frameworks and arrangements.
Consociationalism
The four principles of Consociationalism 1. Government by Grand Coalition
The grand coalition provides greater security and guarantees minority input in decision-making (Traniello, 2008: 31). For example, the emergence of the two Yoruba elite candidates as presidential candidates in the 1999 presidential election was ethnically driven.
Group Autonomy
This was because the political elites in the country felt that the Yoruba elites were shortchanged in canceling the 1993 presidential election. One of the ways that the autonomy of a constituent unit can get a boost in a federal state is for the former to have the constitution his (Lijphart.
Proportionality
A form of proportional representation in Nigeria determines the number of individuals each state will represent in the House of Representatives. The latter allows people from any state in Nigeria to be represented in the public service.
Minority Veto
- Centripetalism
- Power Sharing in Selected Countries
- Switzerland
- Zimbabwe
- Lebanon
- Power Sharing Models and Theories as Analysis Platforms
- Conclusion
- Methodological Approach
- Sampling Technique and Population
- Sample Size and Categories
The position of President rotates annually among the seven Federal Councilors (Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, 2008: 8). As such, the qualitative method does not deal with what can be quantified – the qualitative method does not seek to explain, measure, quantify, predict and generalize, but aims to explore, understand and describe (Strydom and Bezuidenhout.
Religious Leaders: The religious leaders were interviewed because of the religious dimension to violence and rotational presidency in Nigeria. These religious leaders
Religious leaders: Religious leaders were interviewed because of the religious dimension of violence and the rotating presidency in Nigeria.
Constitutional Lawyers: Two constitutional lawyers were selected because they are well-grounded on the modus operandi of the Nigerian Constitution, especially how it
Researchers: Three researchers from the Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER) were interviewed. This research institute was selected because it has
Data Collection
PINCOL- Personal interview North Central Opinion Leader PISWP 1- Personal interview South West Politician 1 PISWP 2- Personal interview South West Politician 2 PISWOL- Personal interview South West Opinion Leader PISEP- Personal interview South East Politician. PISSOL- Personal interview Syd Syd Opinion leader PICL 1- Personal interview constitutional lawyer 1 PICL 2- Personal interview constitutional lawyer 2 PICCL- Personal interview Christian Cleric.
Data Analysis
In essence, the secondary sources are useful for scientific analysis of the phenomenon being studied, while primary sources form the basis on which answers are provided to important questions being answered (Rugg and Petre, 2007). This was the case in this study, and secondary sources helped to answer some of the research questions.
Trustworthiness
An audit trail is 'where the data collection and analysis processes are made transparent, critically discussed, and the researcher looks for places of possible bias or distortion' (Bertram and Christiansen. Ideally, participants should have been informed of the study's progress, but time constraints did not allow this.
Ethical Consideration
The research process from design to implementation and final writing must be ethically considered (Ogletree and Kawulich, 2012: 71). Prior to this, the research proposal was approved before and after presentation and the Informed Consent Form was reviewed by the researcher's supervisor and the ethics committee.
Limitations of the Study
Informed consent means that participants agree to participate in the study without feeling coerced and that they are adequately informed about the drive, period, methods and future applications of the study (Ogletree and Kawulich 2012: 64). Data was not biased at any stage of the investigation and no information was falsified.
Conclusion
However, despite the adoption of the federal system, the country still struggles with intermittent ethnic and religious conflicts. The thesis argues that these structural weaknesses of the Nigerian Federal system are exploited by the elite to fuel feelings of marginalization and deprivation.
The Evolution of the Federal System in Nigeria .1 Pre-Independence Era
- Independence and Post-Independence Era
- The Military, the Second and Third Republics
- The Fourth Republic
However, granting the exclusive domain to a northern state poses a threat to the country's stability. Moreover, revenue sharing between the center and its constituent units is a major problem of the Nigerian federal system (Usman, 2014a).
Fault Lines of Nigerian Federal System
- Population
- Religion
- Resources
- Threats of Secession, Civil War and Unresolved Grievances
Therefore, the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) was formed in 1992 (Falola and Genova, 2009: xxv). The activities of the Niger Delta Avengers (NDA), which emerged in January 2016, cut short the peace that had been experienced in the Niger Delta between 2009 and 2015 (Institute for Peace and Security Studies, 2018: 4).
Implications for Peace
The positions that Nigeria has occupied for the last 11 years testify to the low level of national integration in the country. The next chapter examines the various approaches used by the government to address weak integration in the country.
Introduction
Convocation of National Constitutional Conferences and Constitution Drafting Committees
- The 1966 Ad Hoc Constitutional Conference Committee and the 1977 Constitution Drafting Committee
- The Political Bureau and the Constitution Review Committee (CRC)
- The 1994/1995 National Constitutional Conference
- Constitutional Conferences in the Fourth Republic
A major issue that polarized the elites at CDC and CA 1 was the correctness of including Sharia law in the constitution. The rotating chairmanship clause in the report was the highlight of the achievement of the conference (Fagbadebo, 2000; Omololu, 2012).
Revenue Allocation
- Definition of Revenue Allocation
- Constitution and Revenue Allocation
- Vertical Revenue Allocation
- Horizontal Revenue Allocation
- Horizontal and Vertical Revenue Sharing Formulas Juxtaposed
Tables 5 and 6 show the revenue and expenditure responsibilities of the central, state and local governments under the Fourth Republic. The unevenness of the federal being 'favored' in the revenue game has spawned discontent, especially from the oil producing states.
The Federal Character Principle
There's something they call a certificate of conformity that the federal character issues at the end of the drill. Third Schedule, Part 1 of the 1999 Constitution outlines the appointments that must reflect the federal character principle.
Creation of States and Local Governments .1. Transformation from Province to region
- Creation of States- 1967 to 1996
- Implications of State Creation Exercise
State creation was one of the government's responses to the 30-month civil war between the Eastern region and Nigeria. The creation of six states from the north and six from the south was a relief to the south from the dissatisfaction due to the size of the north (Odey, 2014).
Conclusion
Is not in the constitution that some are settlers and owners of the land, but the constitution says you are a citizen. Statehood undoubtedly brought some groups a sense of belonging in the country.
Introduction
Rotating presidency also includes centripetalism, which ensures that the ballot spread required to emerge as Nigeria's president is wide enough to encompass different parts of the country. This is a very important point, because you cannot simply say that a rotating presidency will help national integration;
Constitutionality of Zoning
He argued that “it is not in the constitution but it has become part of our national life because we know which area to choose for the president at any given time” (PIFCCS, December 2018). However, PISSP saw the rotating presidency not only as being in the constitution, but as our value system that had been dented needed to be fixed.
Rotational Presidency in Nigeria: 1959 to 2022
Although Babangida is from the Middle Belt, he did the bidding of the northern elites. He was encouraged by the court's declaration of the interim government as illegal (PISWOL, January 2009).
Rotational Presidency: Belonging and Stability
It is therefore left to the three geo-political zones in the South to present a candidate from any of the political parties. The idea of rotating presidency is a great idea and is an acknowledgment of the likelihood of marginalization of some sections.
Rotational Presidency and Merit and Development
