This study aims to contribute to this particular government initiative by ascertaining the impact of the EPWP in selected rural areas of KwaZulu-Natal. Therefore, this study will assess whether EPWP management is in line with the Code of Good Practice.
Outline of chapters
Furthermore, it provides an overview of the Extended Public Works program in the province of KwaZulu-Natal which focuses on the infrastructure sector. This chapter further critiques the research results in terms of the problems and questions posed in the first chapter.
Operational definitions Management
Maintenance of public buildings and grounds, including the performance of work necessary to maintain the required level of operation; and. Alienation of public buildings and land, including disposal of fixed assets by sale, demolition, exchange and donation.
Conclusion
Introduction
Public Administration theory and the EPWP .1 Theory
- Practice
- Definition of Public Administration
- The constitutional foundation of Public Administration and the management of the EPWP
- Normative guidelines of Public Administration
- Theories of Public Administration
- Public administration approaches
- The innovative approach
Sub-section 1(c) of Article 195 of the Constitution clarifies that public administration must be development oriented; development programs such as EPWP are implemented for the benefit of the public. Sub-section 1(e) of Article 195 of the Constitution asserts that the public must be encouraged to participate in policy-making.
Management Theory and EPWP 1 Definition of Management
Management theories
- The behavioural or people-oriented theory
- The situation or contingency theory
- General systems theory
- Management Theory provides a comprehensive understanding of management and the processes involved. It comprises the following
Managerial functions are important for EPWP management and if implemented carefully, they can improve EPWP management processes. These characteristics are important to the Department of Public Works and thus are also important to the management of the EPWP.
Development Management theory and EPWP
Definition of Development Management
In light of the above, it is essential to ensure public participation in the EPWP as it is a development programme. The theory emphasizes that development management should be part of the frame of reference and knowledge of public managers, to which EPWP managers belong.
Public Management Theory and EPWP .1 Definition of Public Management
Public Management Theory
The EPWP is a government mandate and is one of the intervention strategies designed to reduce poverty and unemployment by 2014. Since the EPWP is a political government mandate; the political component has a major impact on the implementation and management of the program.
The New Public Management and Public Works
White Paper on Transformation (1995)
The management of the EPWP should therefore be aligned with the new public service, which is goal- and performance-oriented, efficient and cost-effective. This includes the EPWP team, who are expected to adhere to the Code of Conduct in the implementation and management of the programme.
The White Paper on Transforming Public Service Delivery
A plan to improve service delivery in line with strategic objectives to be developed and reviewed annually. Thus, it can be assumed that the principles of Batho Pele were derived from the principles of NPM to ensure the transformation of the public sector in line with NPM.
Public Works White Paper (1997)
Department of Public Works mandate for change
The redesign of the Public Works service delivery model
The redesign of the Department's service delivery model was approved and culminated in a detailed implementation strategy. The outcome of the workshops was a detailed implementation plan for program management, which began in February 2006; this is graphically illustrated in figure 2.4.
State of the Nation Address
Focus on cost efficiency where the Department ends the practice of government charging above market rates and using them as a source of personal enrichment; This plan demonstrates that the department is committed to improving performance and service delivery consistent with state objectives.
Department of Public Works: core values
Govender on the latter (clean governance), where it was reported that KZN Public Works' offices were raided with the aim of investigating procurement irregularities. Adherence to the core values is expected from all levels of officials in the department, regardless of the position they hold.
Restructuring and alignment to the three spheres of government In line with the departmental transformation, the Department was restructured
- National Department of Public Works and the EPWP
- KZN Department of Public Works and the EPWP
This understanding is vital to the management of the EPWP, as the Department of Public Works is linked and implemented in accordance with the three spheres of government. The main purpose of the program is to erect and maintain buildings, structures and engineering works according to the client's specifications.
Conclusion
The EPWP falls under Program 3, which is responsible for the provision of buildings, structures and equipment. These documents include the administrative, public management, governance, strategic leadership and departmental management processes and form the EPWP management framework within the Ministry of Public Works.
Introduction
Background to the Expanded Public Works Programme
- Community-Based Public Works Programme
- Unemployment in South Africa
- Growth and Development Summit
- Official launch of the EPWP
- The People’s Contract
- Medium-Term Strategic Framework
This is interesting to note as the Sunday Times (2007) reported that 'the research shows public works are not a panacea for poverty' (see Appendix N). Echoing the GDS, former President Thabo Mbeki stated in the 2003 State of the Nation Address that “…the government has decided that a comprehensive public works program should be launched.
EPWP legislative and policy framework
- Constitutional mandate
- Principles of co-operative government and inter-governmental relations Section 41 of the RSA Constitution states that all spheres of government and all
- Reconstruction and Development Programme
- Growth, Employment and Redistribution Strategy
- Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa
The MTSF clearly stated that "The ability of South Africa to deliver a better life for all, and more specifically to halve poverty and unemployment, rests on our ability to increase the rate of growth" (MTSF, 2005). The EPWP (implemented in all nine provinces) was one of the strategies to realize this objective.
The EPWP as a job creation government strategy
Expanded Public Works Programme sectors
The EPWP Five Year Report (2009) of the NDPW notes that the EPWP infrastructure sector involves the use of labour-intensive methods in the construction and maintenance of publicly funded infrastructure projects. Training of municipal officials for EPWP and intensive work constructions in partnership with the Education Training Authority in the Local Government Sector;.
EPWP focus
Deliberate efforts by the public sector body to use expenditure or goods and services to create additional employment opportunities, together with training for the unemployed and emerging enterprises;. The public sector body seeks to define and facilitate exit strategies for workers when they leave the program – building bridges between the second economy and the first economy.
EPWP institutional/coordination arrangements
- EPWP operational plan
- Monitoring performance of the operational plan
Ministry of Public Works Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs Economic Sector Ministry of Public Works Ministry of Economic Affairs. The KZN EPWP Infrastructure Coordination Scheme is unique because, as Table 3.5 indicates, it is vested in the Ministry of Transport and not Public Works.
EPWP framework
The EPWP Guidelines apply when such projects involve a significant portion of construction activities for which the use of labor is specified in the generic labor-intensive specification, i.e. adhere to the labor-intensive construction methods in terms of the EPWP Guidelines agreed between the DPW . National Treasury and SALGA, and.
Key programme indicators
Funding the EPWP
The NDPW EPWP Five Year Report (2009) points out that although the decentralized approach to financing (Figure 3.9) was intended to ensure coordination and implementation, it enabled the EPWP to access varied and much greater resources and to undertake on a larger scale. dish.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework
According to McCord (2007), the success of job creation programs is conventionally measured in terms of their impact on the well-being of participants while they are enrolled in the program and/or after they have left the program. Thus, an assessment of the program's impact on EPWP beneficiaries is one of the primary objectives of this study.
Conclusion
Introduction
Public Works Programmes
In light of the above, it can be concluded that PWPs are a suitable tool to address some of the current challenges facing South Africa, particularly in terms of unemployment. Furthermore, EPWP (2009) states that PWPs mainly use public funds; this is relevant to South Africa's current EPWP funding approach.
Local experience
The labour-intensive approach
According to Thwala (2006), in many cases, communities and local institutions are involved in the identification, formulation and supervision of PWPs.
Overview of African experiences of labour-intensive infrastructure programmes: Public Works Programmes
Infrastructure was a notable deficit; this led to the introduction of the Regional Development Program in 1976 (http://digitalcollections.sits.educ/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? Article=1619) to mobilize the labor force in the Saharan provinces (http://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/Southern_Provincies). iii) Social Priorities Program (BAJ1). This program has resulted in the creation of more than 3,000 jobs (total employment within the public sector is only 20,000) and the construction and modernization of almost 2,000 km of roads, using minimum wages. e) Malawi In Malawi the road program is part of the Ministry of Works and Services.
Lessons from African countries
McCord (2007) notes that Senegal's main Agency for the Execution of Travaux d'Intérêt Public (AGETIP) was developed in an effort to quell urban dissent and political instability following the contested election victory of Abdou Diof's government in 1988; it was launched in 1990. Consensus on wage rates, employment conditions and community roles and responsibilities.
International experience
- Argentina
- India
- Indonesia
- United States of America
- Lessons from international experience
The Employment Guarantee Scheme in Maharashtra was the largest state-sponsored PWP focused on poverty alleviation. According to McCord (2007), India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Program (NREGP), launched in 2006, is based on the country's constitutional obligation to provide employment to its citizens.
Public Works Programmes in South Africa
- The need for Public Works Programmes in South Africa
- The objectives of Public Works Programmes in South Africa According to McCord (2003), the objectives of a PWP vary according to
- The National Public Works Programme
- South African PWP case studies
- Infrastructure sector approach
Likewise, a number of provinces and municipalities introduced their own PWPs (Phillips, 2004). Infrastructure PWPs initiated by provinces are reviewed in this chapter for the purpose of sharing experiences, one from Limpopo Province and the other from KZN. a) The Gundo Lashu program in Limpopo. In accordance with Figure 4.3, CETA's responsibility is to fund the EPWP Labor Intensive Contractor Learnership Program.
Conclusion
This chapter presents the research methodology used in this study, including the main objectives of the study, research design, sampling techniques, and a description of data analysis and interpretation.
Research design
The qualitative research method
The goal of qualitative research is to promote understanding of the human condition (Van der Merwe, 1996:286). This study used a qualitative research method to describe, interpret or subjectively reconstruct the meaning of the words of the studied population.
The quantitative research method
Rubin and Babbie explain that the essence of this approach is to look at events through the perspective of the people being studied, that is, the way they think and see the world.
Population and sample
Sample
- Sampling strategy
Each member of the population has an equal probability of being selected (Van Der Waldt, Van Niekerk, Doyle and Du Toit b) Stratified random sampling. This sampling method is designed to ensure that the sample has certain characteristics that are representative of the population on key variables.
Data collection
- Data collection using questionnaires
The objectives of the research were taken into account when drawing up the questionnaires. For the purposes of this study, the Likert scale was used to determine where most respondents stand on the issue of the ability to manage the EPWP and the management ability of the EPWP.
Ethical issues
Pilot study
The questionnaires for EPWP beneficiaries and supervisors were sent to the regions for distribution. EPWP regional staff (either EPWP Assistant Manager or Development Worker) also provided illiteracy assistance to EPWP beneficiaries.
Testing validity and reliability
Content validity Refers to the correctness and appropriateness of the questions included in a test or questionnaire. Internal validity relates to the validity of the study itself, including both the design and the instrument used (Wilson et al.
Techniques for data analysis and interpretation
Figures and tables
External validity Depending on the representativeness of the sample, and the study being a simulation of the real world and real-life situations, the conclusions reached in the research should be applicable to similar problems. Both validity and reliability were tested through the pilot study and the processes followed prior to DPW approval to conduct the study, approval of the research proposal and ethical clearance.
Statistical approach
The average is what most people have in mind when they think, in ordinary language, of "the average". Inferential statistics are used to make inferences regarding the characteristics (eg the average) of the population based on the results obtained from appropriately selected samples of the population (Huysamen, 1998:4).
Conclusion
The results are presented in the form of graphs, cross-tabulation and other figures; this will be followed by interpretation and analysis, leading to the research recommendations and conclusions that form part of Chapter 7. The final sample size of 94 consisted of 10 EPWP management teams, 07 EPWP operational teams, 05 EPWP project foremen and 72 EPWP beneficiaries. from all regions (North Coast, eThekwini, South and Midlands) in the KZN province.
Responses from the EPWP Foremen
- Reliability
- Demographic details
- Knowledge and or understanding of the EPWP
- Customers’ expectations
- Impact of the EPWP
- Training on the EPWP
- EPWP management
- Relationship among demographic and other variables
- Summary of the findings with respect to the responses from the Foremen
Respondents indicated that the role of regional office staff is to be very close to the project (33%) to ensure that district staff implement the EPWP correctly (33%) and to comply with BEE status (33%) . Despite the "low" involvement, 80% of respondents indicated that the EPWP projects were well managed.
Responses from the EPWP management
- Reliability
- Demographic details
- Knowledge and understanding of the EPWP
- Customers’ expectations
All (100%) of the respondents confirmed that they were experienced EPWP managers at various levels and structures. Regarding the role of district staff, the majority of respondents (60%) indicated that district staff work closely with regional office staff and are responsible for implementing and monitoring projects and collecting EPWP labor statistics forms from contractors to ensure contractor compliance with job creation; 20% indicated that there were no EPWP staff in the districts, and the remaining 20% was equally divided between data collection and submission to regions (10%) and ensuring contractor compliance with job creation (10%).
