Many black South Africans are unable to consolidate their households in urban areas. These are some of the reasons why people migrate from rural areas and consolidate their households in urban areas.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MIGRATION
All this pressure on rent-paying farmers reached a logical extension in the implementation of the Natives Land Act of 1913, which reduced their land (Bundy). After the conquest of the Africans, their land was reduced by 13% by the white government through the Land Act of 1913. .
PASS CONTROLS
They had to work in the cities and return to the rural homestead after the completion of their contracts. As a result of the collapse of job prospects in the rural areas, people have been forced to look for work in the urban environment.
THE SCRAPPING OF PASS LAWS (1985) AND ABOLISHING OF GROUP AREAS ACT
The collapse of the Bantustan was even more powerfully demonstrated by the growth of settlements around metropolitan areas in the late 1970s. Integral to this migration was the pass control system used to prevent masses of people from moving from the countryside to the city.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Data Collection
The interviews were formal in a sense that a set of questions were asked and recorded as the respondent answered. Interviews are suitable for gathering information in research because they allow respondents to answer questions with a full understanding of what is being asked of them. The questions were asked in sequence and they were read to the respondent.
Data Analysis
This method avoids a situation where other questions remain unanswered because the question was not clear or the respondent did not understand what was being asked of him/her. This chapter will review the literature on migration (local and international), national and local policies and house consolidation in South Africa and elsewhere internationally.
THEORIES OF MIGRATION
It will also examine what theories exist about migration, especially the neoclassical theory, the radical theory and the dependency theory. The implications of dependency theory regarding the assumption of neoclassical dual economy theory are serious.
DEFINING MIGRATION
There can be many individual exceptions to more general patterns of migration, particularly in relation to the reasons why people move. For many of these people from the countryside, this is more than a change of residence, or more than a move in space from one place to another.
DEFINING HOUSE CONSOLIDATION
Consolidation is therefore the gradual improvement of the physical condition of housing after the provision of basic infrastructure and services. Furthermore, consolidation in a housing project can be defined as extensions of the top structure or those improvements made on the site, which usually involve the pooling of resources by individual beneficiaries (household heads).
CAUSES OF MIGRATION
Other households expand their household in the cities because they have weak links with their rural farm. Some have weak connections with them, but others still have strong connections with their relatives in the rural farm.
TYPES OF MIGRATION
PERMANENT MIGRATION
They usually earn most of their income in the city and spend most of it in rural homes (Prothero &. This type of migrants are not so interested in consolidating housing in the city.
THE WORKING LIFE MIGRANTS
Through visits, they maintain strong ties with family in the countryside and their remittances to the countryside remain regular. It is argued that they usually retain their rural citizenship and sources of income on the rural homestead, but may not play an overtly active political or social role.
MIGRATION DURING THE ERA OF THE HOMELANDS SYSTEM/APARTHEID
These are also factors that keep people from consolidating households in cities because they still have strong rural ties with their families and relatives in the countryside. This explains the differences in the degree of consolidation of houses in urban areas.
THE MAINTAINANCE OF RELATIONS WITH ORIGINAL HOME
This means that those who spend their free time at home are not necessarily relieved of spending money in cities, e.g. They even indicated that they were interested in participating in rural activities such as itlombe and umshotsho (all-night dancing and séances), which are standard pastimes for young migrants on holiday back home.
FROM COUNTRY TO TOWN
They said they hated farm life because the owners made their fathers work on the farms all day for nothing. Those who had experienced illness or deaths in the family, or who had specifically fled from witchcraft, usually found that they encountered no problems here in the city, although the city location is by no means considered a refuge from all witchcraft.
CULTURAL DIFFERENTIATION
They lived much more easily in the village, sometimes occupying a room for free in the woman's parents' house, and whenever she needed any money, her parents assisted her. This is consistent with what one of the respondents at Siyanda (who is a household head) who said that she lives with her son in the house, but both of them do not work.
HOME TIES AND DOMESTIC LIFE
Therefore, it is even possible for a young migrant to get engaged to a country girl in the traditional way while he is already in the city. Such migrants usually allow their parents to choose their wives and usually settle in the countryside rather than the city.
URBAN CONDITIONS
That is why other immigrants said that they see their future in urban areas because wherever they are, their ancestors are with them. They argued that it is naive to say that ancestors are only in rural homes, they said "they ( ancestors) also go with you to the city and to the mines.” This is why most immigrants said they decided to consolidate their families in the cities and bring their families to stay with them forever.
MIGRATION OF HOUSEHOLDS
While some people leave their rural homestead permanently, the literature also suggests that significant numbers of migrants are not interested in consolidating their households in the urban areas, preferring circular migration between rural and urban areas. Based on readings of the available literature, it is suggested that the strength of people's ties to the rural homestead corresponds to the degree of consolidation of their household in the urban environments.
STRONG LINKS WITH RURAL AREAS
CULTURAL BELIEFS
The migration patterns are constantly modified according to the migrant's relationship with his/her rural home. Some of the households have strong ties to their rural homestead because they have many herds for commercial purposes.
LABOUR TENANCY AND MIGRATION
This is why these migrant men, who have these interests, need to return to their rural homes and maintain strong ties. The migrants therefore have reason to return to their homes in the countryside. Most importantly, they reunite with their families and ensure that obligations and rights are fulfilled in rural areas.
CUTURAL AND SOCIAL HABITS
He may have only one child from his partner, but he accepts all her children as his own and supports them. Children who have different fathers but one mother are called 'assorted choice'. This term is taken from the name of a certain brand of mixed cookies. It was clear to me that some women residing in these urban informal settlements intend to secure support for all their children from one partner.
WEAK LINKS WITH RURAL HOMESTEAD
Thus, N omusa said that she has weak ties with her rural homestead due to the reason mentioned above. Such a life usually had the effect that many people had weak ties with their farm homestead.
BREAKING TIES WITH THE RURAL HOMESTEAD: PERMANENT URBAN SETTLEMENT
Furthermore, most of the migrants are forced to leave and have weak ties with their family in the rural homestead due to the low levels of agricultural productivity and few work activities. All the above reasons influenced the weak ties of other migrants with their rural areas.
CONCLUSION
The next chapter analyzes the issue of housing supply to assess its impact on decisions to consolidate households in urban or rural areas. He (1975:28) argues that while both the public and private sectors have their own roles, house building should be in the hands of the community.
THE WORLD BANK'S VIEWS ON HOUSING DELIVERY
However, Turner argues against people not being given the chance to build their own homes.
THE ECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCES OF MIGRANTS
On the other hand, it is argued that people involved in circulation tend to minimize accommodation costs as their investment priorities lie elsewhere. It is argued that people who wanted to be closer to their workplaces often created informal settlements.
THE DURATION OF STAY MIGRANTS IN URBAN AREAS
This shows the researcher that some people left their areas of origin with the intention of coming to open their businesses in the informal settlements. However, a significant number said that it was better to have these houses than to stay in the informal settlements.
THE RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (RDP) POLICY
DEFINITION OF RDP
For those households that have a strong bond with their rural homestead, and who invest in their rural homestead, do not seem to be interested in household consolidation in the cities. On the other hand, for permanent migrants and those who intend to settle in the urban area, and those who have absolutely no ties to their rural homestead, securing their occupation of the settlement can be critical.
AIMS OF RDP
The private sector and civil society, the development of small, medium and micro enterprises owned and run by black people should be included in the housing program (Mafatle, Bond, Mayekiso &. Mgidlana, 1996).
DURBAN METRO HOUSING POLICY
THE DURBAN AREA POLICY
HOUSING POLICY
CONCLUSION
In the third category, recent migrants claim that they have no ties to their rural homestead. It begins with the background of both areas and then proceeds to analyze the data obtained from the formal interviews conducted with some of the households in these respective settlements.
SUMMARY BACKGROUND OF WIGGINS/UMKHUMBANE
This land belonged to the former government of Kwa-Zulu and was sold to the National Investment Corporation (NIC). Further land was later occupied by people belonging to a political organization called the African National Congress (ANC).
GNERAL FINDINGS: BOTH AREAS OF STUDY
In other words, they were uncertain about the government's laws and intentions in the future. This means that few had strong connections with their relatives in the rural houses of WigginslUmkhumbane than in Siyanda.
SUMMARY SECTION: GENERAL FINDINGS
In this group of respondents there was a strong interest in household consolidation in the city, 75% of them In contrast, 45% in Siyanda settlement did not send money to their rural homestead. Furthermore, others said they still want to return to reunite their families at their rural homesteads that were scattered during the period of violence in the late 1980s.
COMPOSITION OF THE HOUSEHOLD IN BOTH WIGGINS/UMKHUMBANE ANDSIYANDA
Rather, it is better to consolidate in one area, either rural or urban. There were 60% of WigginsfUmkhumbane households investing in the urban areas while 65% were.
INVESTING IN RURAL HOMESTEADS: HOUSE CONSTRUCTION, COMMERCIAL FARMING AND ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
The next section examines what it means to supplement the country home or to consolidate the country estate.
INVESTMENT IN URBAN AREAS: HOUSES CONSUMER GOODS AND EDUCATION
INVESTMENT IN BOTH RURAL AND URBAN AREAS IN TERMS OF REMITTANCES
STRONG LINKS
WEAK LINKS
NO LINKS
He said that investing and consolidating in both areas is good because it gives you the opportunity to visit family in both rural and urban areas. He said that this is the main factor for investment and consolidation in both areas.
DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME EXPENDITURE
They said that there are no facilities in rural areas like computers in schools. There were 35% in WigginsfUmkhumbane who want to stay in urban areas and 25% in Siyanda.
CONCLUSION
They said they felt interested in staying in the cities and decided not to return to their farm in the countryside. Among this category are also those who want to consolidate the household in the city, but as they said.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
One particular type in this category were those who - want to consolidate their urban households as an investment to consolidate their rural homestead with all their assets in retirement. The children of these households are not ready to return to the countryside because they are born and brought up in the city and are not familiar with rural activities.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Do you send money to your rural home, if so, how much and how regularly and for what. If you are more than one, who do you stay with, where do others live, how often do you see him or them.
