Special thanks also to Frank Sokolic and Nhlanganiso Biyela from the Department of Geography, University of KwaZulu-Natal for their assistance in developing maps featured in the thesis. Facilities and availability of electricity 81 Percentage of households by asset ownership 82 Distribution of households in the bottom forty percent of the.
INTRODUCTION
Problem Statement
- Measurement of Absolute and Relative Poverty
The poverty rate or headcount measures the number (or percentage) of the population that falls below the poverty line. I=amount of money needed to bring the average poor person's average to the poverty line. The Human Poverty Indicator (HPI) is also one of the common composite measures of poverty.
Conclusion
SOURCES OF DATA
The census is conducted for all households to obtain basic information about the population, its demographic structure and its localities. Since the census covers the entire population, it is costly and most developing countries such as Tanzania conduct it once every ten years. However, the census usually contains descriptive statistics on the housing stock, access to basic services such as water, electricity and sanitation; information on education and employment patterns and population statistics.
The census collected a range of information that can be used to assess household welfare from national to sub-national levels. However, the census in Tanzania, as in many developing countries, did not collect information on income or consumption, so conventional means of measuring poverty with census data are not possible. Although the census lacks information on income/expenditure or consumption, other information collected can be used to measure and analyze poverty using alternative approaches other than income or expenditure.
Other relatives, boarders, visitors and servants were included as household members if they were present in the household on the night of registration (Central Registration Office. The de facto approach was used where a person is registered where he/she spent the night of registration as a counting procedure.
POVERTY PROFILE
Indicators in the strategy are related to the Millennium Development Indicators (MDGs) adopted by the United Nations in 2000 and ratified by Tanzania (United Republic of Tanzania, 2001: 1). Of the eleven indicators included in the Poverty Monitoring Master Plan under human capabilities, eight can be obtained from the census information. However, to shed more light on the poverty situation in the country, I have included information by region on the equivalence of average expenditure per adult, the percentage of the population below the food and basic poverty line, although the data source is not the census, but rather the 2000/2000 census. 01 Household and budget research.
The table also shows the population growth rate and the rural population percentage for the two periods. The 2002 data show that the population is unevenly distributed, with the regional share of the total population ranging from 2.4 percent for Lindi to 8.8 percent for Mwanza. The four regions surrounding Lake Victoria (Kagera, Mwanza, Mara and Shinyanga) contributed to 27.4 percent of the total population, although they covered only 13.4 percent of the total land area (Maduhu, 2004).
With the exception of Dar es Salaam, which is a major city in the country, the rural population in other regions was more than 75 percent. The map shows that regional population growth varied from 4.8 percent in Kigoma to 1.5 percent in lringa.
Annual Population Growth Rates by Region 1988/2002
TANZANIA
Incidence of Consumption-based Poverty
Column two of Table 4.2 below shows the average monthly expenditure per capita in Tanzanian Shillings. Columns three and four show the percentage of individuals below the food poverty line and basic needs, respectively. Column two shows that about 19 percent of Tanzanians lived below the food poverty line in 2000/01, while about 36 percent of individuals lived below the basic needs poverty line.
For both poverty lines, Dar es Salaam had the lowest poverty level (7.5 percent and 17.6 percent below the poverty line for food and basic needs respectively).
Mean Monthly Consumption Expenditure per Capita
Percentage of the Population Below the Food Poverty Line
Percentage of Population below the Basic Needs Poverty Line
- Education Indicators
Six indicators of education; The ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary schools, the transition from primary to secondary schools, adult literacy rates, net and gross basic salary rates (NER and GRR respectively) and dropout rates are discussed in this section, based on the 2002 census. The ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary schools is defined as the total number of girls in primary and secondary schools to the total number of boys in primary and secondary schools. In every region the ratio exceeded 90 percent, ranging from 90 percent in Pwani to 102 percent in Dar es Salaam.
Most girls seem to stop at the primary level, as the ratio of girls to boys in secondary education suddenly drops at the secondary level.
GirlslBoys Ratio in Primary school
GirlslBoys Ratio in Secondary school
- Transition from Primary to Secondary Schools
- Net Enrolment Rates
I defined the rate of transition from primary to secondary school as the number of pupils who are in the last year of primary schools, compared to the total number of pupils in the first year of secondary schools. The Office of the Vice President, which is responsible for the country's poverty reduction strategies, notes in its report that "despite the growth of private secondary schools, transition to secondary schools is low and there are large differences in enrollment at the secondary and tertiary levels (Office of the Vice President, 2005: 11 ).Only three regions, Dar es Salaam (38 percent), Arusha (23 percent) and Kilimanjaro (20 percent), had more than 20 percent of those continuing to secondary level.
The relative pass rates in these regions indicate the large number of secondary schools in these regions compared to the rest. The Net Enrollment Rate (NER) is defined as the number of children aged 7 to 13 attending primary school divided by the total number of children in that age group. Tanzania sought to achieve MDG target number two of achieving 90 percent NER by 2003 and 100 percent by 2010.
To ensure that these ambitious goals are achieved, the government began implementing the Primary Education Development Program in 2002. With the implementation of the Primary Education Development Program, enrollment has rapidly increased again, reaching 88.5 percent in 2003 (United Republic of Tanzania, 2004: 7) .
Net Primary Enrolment Rate
- Drop-out Rates
- Adult and General Literacy Rates
While the NER was almost equal between the sexes (68 percent for men and 70 percent for women), there is a marked difference between rural and urban populations. The GER for urban areas was 103 percent compared to only 90 percent in rural areas. The Gross Enrollment Rate (GER) is defined as the number of children attending primary school regardless of their age divided by the total population aged 7 to 13.
However, after the implementation of the Primary Education Development Program in 2002, the GER surpassed the target of 100 percent, reaching 105.3 percent and 106.3 percent in 2003 and 2004, respectively (Vice President's Office, 2005: H). The differences in NER and GER between men and women in rural and urban areas are summarized in figures 4.1 and 4.2 below. Data suggests that around 8 percent of children dropped out of primary school before completing the compulsory seven years. Adult literacy is defined as the percentage of the population aged 15 and over who can read and write in any language, while general literacy refers to the population aged 10 and over.
Literacy rates show significant differences by region, with Dar es Salaam (91 percent) recording the highest rates, followed by Kilimanjaro (88 percent) and Iringa and Ruvuma (77 percent each).
Literacy for pop. Aged 15 and above
Male literacy rates ranged from 63 percent in Tabora to 94 percent in Dar es Salaam. On the other hand, rates for women ranged from 46 percent in Tabora to 87 percent in Dar es Salaam. Dar es Salaam and Kilimanjaro had a literacy rate of around 90 percent in 2002, while two regions, Shinyanga (58 percent) and Tabora (54 percent) were the only two regions with literacy rates below 60 percent.
Goal Eleven: By 2020, achieve significant improvements in the lives of at least 00 million slum dwellers. Of the eight sources specified in the census questionnaire, I considered only tap water to be the safe source. The share of households that use tap water as their main source of drinking water has remained virtually the same since 1988.
In nine regions, less than 20 percent of their households used safe water for drinking and in only three regions - Dar es Salaam (73 percent), Arusha (66 percent) and Kilimanjaro (64 percent) did more than 50 percent of their population use safe water to drink.
Percent of households using safe water
- Facilities and Services
- Conclusion
- Recommendations
Chapter five explores the limitations and shortcomings of the wealth index as a proxy for household wealth. Part seven ranks the region based on the percentage of households in the bottom 40 percent of the wealth index and compares that ranking to the population below the basic needs poverty line from the Household and Budget Survey. Therefore, the construction of the index in this study is based on the ownership of: radio, telephone, bicycle, wheelbarrow, charcoal/electric iron and electricity in the house.
An example is the consultative approach followed in Bolivia in the construction of the index of Fulfillment of Basic Needs. Some of the variables used in the construction of household asset index in this thesis may be highly correlated. The asset index approach does not consider the size or composition of the household when assigning weights, i.e.
Among the poor, poles and mud accounted for over 50 percent of households (53 percent), followed by sun-dried bricks (41 percent). The table also shows the comparison between the percentage of households in the bottom 40 per cent of the asset index and the percentage of the population below the poverty line as measured by consumption (per 2000/01 HBS). This can be explained by the fact that in this thesis only a few variables were used in the construction of the asset index.
Variables included in the construction of the index are housing conditions and ownership of durable assets.
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