Similarly, Conybeare and Thornton (1938) reported that milk from an accredited herd was contaminated with Salmonella dublin because one of the. In South Africa relatively little is known about the extent. of the problem of bovine tuberculosis. De Kock (1932) reported a very low incidence of the disease in the state-owned dairy herds, anC.
In addition to the above figures, which probably have very little to do with the incidence of
CONTAGIOUS VAGINITIS
Apart from this aspect, hoof weaver, heavy tick infestation puts a serious drain on the consistency of cows and increases their nutritional requirements. Treatment of the condition presents no difficulties, but the point to be emphasized is that treatment must be carried out and ticks must be kept under control. This subject will be dealt with in more detail in the chapter dealing with the chemical composition of milk, and at this stage it is sufficient to emphasize that every year in South Africa a large number of dairy cows are expected to exist and produce milk. under conditions of partial, and sometimes even absolute starvation.
Quite apart from unavoidable causes such as prolonged drought condition, ions, there are other avoidable causes of malnutrition. Then again, a lot of field grazing has high feed value when in full growth, but if it is left until mid-winter, the feed value is very different. Any given area of grassland will have a much higher carrying capacity if hay is made and the stock graze on the stubble than if one relies entirely on grazing.
These are just a few of the endless feed problems that the dairy farmer has to deal with. However, it must be emphasized that malnutrition - relative or absolute - reduces the stamina of the cow, which is exposed to attacks of infectious diseases and parasites, and in South Africa, mango is one of the first diseases to appear. 34;hidden' faults to be addressed on dairy farms in South Africa, the method of attack consists of educating the farmer about animal husbandry and agriculture.
POISONING
CHAPTER 2. IMPORTANT MILK-BORNE DISEASES OF MAN
THE COW AS. CHIEF RESERVOIR AND SPREADER OF INFECTION
- SCARLET FEVER AND SEPTIC SORE THROAT
- STAPHYLOCOCCAL FO OQ.:EQ ISONING
- SALWIONELLA FOOD-POISONING
Although cases have been reported in South Africa, little is known about the extent to which the unusual fever occurs. A review of the problems of diagnosis in man was given by Harris (1943). using the Oxford technique); while in the Port Elizabeth area. This is actually one of the diseases that will make heat treatment of milk necessary in the long term.
When one remembers that streptococcal carrier rates can rise to as high as 25% of the population (see Topley and Wilson 1936), it will be understood that a carrier can generally be found somewhere. Isolation of typhoid or paratyphoid bacilli from milk is such a specialized procedure that routine examination of milk samples is completely out of the question. We negative staff actually handle milk• due to constant changes in the native staff and due to lack of co-operation and understanding on the part of the farmer.
This in turn would create a false sense of security about the safety of the milk. In this disease, control depends on the removal of the human carrier and immunization of the sus-. The entire current focus of the public health planner is toward immunization of the entire population.
THE CONTROL OF MILK-BORNE DISEASE OF BOVINE ORIGIN
The first step in setting up the program would be to conduct a survey of the incidence of these diseases across the country. A first general overview of this type would provide the data necessary to visualize the scope of the task at hand. When developing phase 2 of the program, it would not be possible to operate simultaneously throughout the entire period.
Returning to the primary issue of cleanliness, the fancier's clothing can be important, especially in a country where the average fancier's normal clothing consists of dirty rags. This sequence should be repeated for each cow, assuming that cleaning of the cows has taken place before milking. Farmers should be discouraged from filtering their milk, and proper filtration should be the responsibility of the milk depot, as long as it is possible to ensure that filter cloths are not reused.
In discussing the question of clean and dirty milk, an indication of the simplest steps is given. Meanwhile, the quality of milk could be rapidly and very significantly improved by introducing intelligently bred hybrids into the commercial dairy herds. At present, however, the issue of hypothermia is the issue on which it is necessary to concentrate, because the security of the milk supply depends on the successful maintenance of the minimum temperature level.
HQLDER PASTEURISING PLANT§_
This can be a very real and a very serious problem, sino8 suc.o. pauses can exist for a long time before they~. The application of the coliform test to indicate the existence of such leaks, and the Wilkie test for detecting the site of the leak, is described by Pullince~. b). A further fault in some of the more recent holding plants lies in the fact that the milk is released from the holding tanks, not by gravity, but by vacuum. With ordinary pasteurization plants it is possible to collect representative samples from the tanks where the pasteurized milk is stored before bottling, but in the case of the. 34 in.
In the case of mechanical jamming ... the holding chambers cannot be immediately emptied and thus:'JS the milk may stand up or an hour at 142. Similar figures may be obtained from the reports of the M.O.H., Port Elizabeth (see Reports As regards .overheating of the mi1ka, it may we say this is of minor importance, as superheated milk is quite safe.
Can a plant heat milk and every drop of milk to the desired temperature and hold it for the desired period. Before the next ride, the entire circuit must be reassembled and extreme care must be taken. at this stage to prevent technicians from being re-contaminated - but -. the mouths of the pipe lengths during the restoration of the circuit. Although this formulation gives more information, the information relates more to pre-pasteurization quality.
CHAPTER 6
Milk and cream for liquid distribution would be pasteurized by the company (with some exceptions) before distribution. It would be the responsibility of the corporation to ensure that:-. l) That farmers get fair compensation for their products. This book entry would be necessary for all the records to be properly designed and to ensure accuracy. the fee is charged by the company.
All transportation of milk and cream from the collection depots to the market would be in suitable tankers employed by S,A,. Exceptions to the mandatory pasteurization rule would be: - .. a) Milk sold in peri-urban and rural areas. Then, if he still could not change his position to one consistent with that of the Corporation, then the controversy would be referred to the Central Administration of the Corporation to consider the view of the Medical Officer.
If a compromise still could not be reached, the matter would be referred to an arbitration committee consisting of nominees from the Corporation and Union Health. In addition to the above-mentioned control staff, administrative staff will be made available as needed. outline is given by the controlling company visualized for a typical milk zone. This service will be maintained by the central laboratory and the centralized supervisory services already mentioned.
PARAGRAPH 4._ OUTLINE OF CONSTITUTION OF CORPORATION
PARAGRAPH 5. FINANCIAL ASPECTS
Of the expenditure outlined, the only new burden for the Milk Industry would be that of the inspection services. It is claimed that these services would virtually or even completely pay for themselves by eliminating existing waste. It is suggested that there are plans for the future development of a base of 1,000,000 individuals, each consuming 1 pint per day.
The milk distributor, on the other hand, for his fourpence would receive daily his exact requirements for milk processed and packaged and ready for distribution within a county area.
While such opposition is extremely powerful, and can be ex-. extremely difficult to overcome, it in no way detracts from the "fairness" of the ideas expressed in this report. Britain does not meet the current proposals because the Milk Board does not actually pasteurize, but the general idea of buying and reselling is already in operation •. 3) The most serious form of opposition raised so far comes from Public Health Authorities. According to the scheme described here, it is quite clear that the milk has already lost its identity before it reaches the market.
Moreover, if supplies are to be distributed fairly and equally, and if surpluses and shortages are to be avoided, this would be virtually impossible. It is argued that if the Medical Officer of Health is deprived of the right or facilities to control milk from its source, the entire structure of our local public health control will be undermined. Is it right that such an impractical system of control should be allowed indefinitely, to uphold a principle? would be ex officio the highest executive member of the Corporation in his area, and this plan provides him with a practical means of overseeing the quality of milk entering his area rather than an illusory principle.
For example, the Water Board supplies water to a number of municipalities that have no representation on the board. If a medical officer refused to allow the sale of meat because it was of poor quality, he would. In connection with both water and meat, the administration in South Africa has accepted a situation where the local M.O,H.
