The theories seek to provide architects and designers of the built environment with tools that can be used to create architectural environments that promote social interaction and the well-being of building users. The designers of the built environment should consider people's social and well-being needs, as this will convert architectural environments into spaces that have physical and physiological benefits for its users.
INTRODUCTION
Background Statement
Justification of the Study
EXPLORING AND DEFINING THE PROBLEM, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Defining the Research Problem
The Aims of the Study
The Objectives of the Study
SETTING OUT THE SCOPE OF THE CHOSEN STUDY
- Delineating the Research Problem
- Definition of Key Terms
- Stating the Assumptions
- The Working Hypothesis
- Key Questions
It emphasizes the importance of creating architectural environments that enhance social interaction and well-being. What impact does the architectural environment have on social interaction as well as on the well-being of the user.
CONCEPTS AND THEORIES
Biophilia
What is the individual's well-being and is the current urban environment ensuring this. Biophilia's importance to human well-being, as well as the role it can play in creating spaces that encourage social interaction, has a major impact on architecture.
Kevin Lynch's Theory: Image of the City
Pollack defines biophilic design as: “Biophilic design recognizes the inherent human need for nature along with sustainable and universal design strategies to create environments that truly enhance life” (Pollack 2006, p. 38). Architectural environments that are legible, favorable for orientation and identification have a positive effect on the well-being of the individual who experiences them.
New Urbanism
A good environmental image gives the viewer an important sense of emotional security and also increases the potential depth of human experience. It is therefore important to create environments that allow individuals to meaningfully experience the city and thus create readable environments within which one can identify and orient themselves using Lynch's five elements.
RESEARCH METHODS AND MATERIALS
Research Methods
Research Materials
- Primary Research
- Secondary Research
Books: These provide historical and theoretical information used to make sense of recent data in journals and books. A critical analysis of this literature provides the framework and criteria for analyzing case studies and precedent studies.
CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE
A new approach to the design of architectural environments from both a macro and micro perspective needs to be explored. This will show how user well-being and the creation of places for social interaction can be implemented in the design process to improve the overall experience of architectural environments.
CONCLUSION
The study is to further contribute to an understanding of how the architectural environment has an impact on the well-being of a user as well as social interaction. Furthermore, it is expected that the following literature will reveal how this approach can benefit the design of human spaces by improving their experience of space and the ability to interact and create architectural environments that enhance the well-being of the user.
INTRODUCTION
WELL BEING DEFINED
Another respondent comments that: “The office can be an uncomfortable environment for users on the east side of the building during the morning hours. Providing contact with nature ensures that there is a positive impact on the well-being of users in the built environment.
STRESS AND ITS EFFECTS
CONCLUSION
It is therefore important that architects and designers design environments that do not contribute to these stressors, but instead create environments that promote and encourage well-being and social interaction. The impact these stressors have on building occupants will become clear in the chapters that follow, as well as the tools architects and urban designers can use to combat these stressors and create healthy environments that promote both social interaction and well-being.
INTRODUCTION
The next section discusses Urban sprawl, its characteristics and its impact on well-being and the social interaction of its inhabitants. A brief discussion on the image of the environment follows and illustrates how important identification and orientation in the built environment are to maintain human well-being.
IMPACT OF CITY STRUCTURE AND IMAGE
Urban Sprawl and its Effects
It can be inferred that the city of Durban is not contributing as a whole to the well-being and social needs of its residents and has caused sprawl. Vehicle-dominated contexts and a lack of public space and green space have varied impacts on the well-being and social interaction levels of a city's residents (http://www.lasmogtown.com).
Commuting and its Impact
Many people have moved out of the cities, as this does not contribute to their well-being and social needs. However, the move away from cities has further contributed to the effects caused by urban sprawl.
Image of the City: Identification and Orientation
They have a directional quality and appear strongest when they are visually prominent and continuous in shape (Lynch 1960, p. 62-66). Landmarks can only be visible from the outside; they are never identified as internal elements in relation to the image of the environment.
COMBATTING URBAN SPRAWL
New Urbanism
Gehl (1987, p. 59) refers to the street as "life between buildings", the environment for formal and informal economic activity and social interaction on many levels. Stress breeds disease”, so the environment has the ability to create stress in various ways just as much as it has the potential to reduce it.
Principles of New Urbanism
STREET AND THE PLAZZA IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT
The Street
These cities encourage the motor car while affecting the well-being of the pedestrian who experiences the street. Woodcock (1988, p. viii) refers to the street as an urban living room bounded by buildings.
The Plaza
Dewar (1992, p. 18) believes that when public spaces are rich social places, the whole environment is positive, regardless of the quality of the individual buildings. The creation of public squares in the urban environment is essential as they can encourage social interaction and contribute to the city's sense of place.
BIOPHILIA AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT
The Importance and Access to Green Spaces
The importance of green spaces especially within the context of the city plays a vital role in achieving well-being and social interaction. Green spaces offer many opportunities to improve their well-being and also offer many opportunities for social interaction.
CONCLUSION
Architects and Urban designers must consider the use of squares and the street in their designs. The macro context was discussed and the impact it has on social interaction and well-being.
INTRODUCTION
Water, another biophilic quality, will also be discussed in terms of how it can create environments that promote well-being. The next chapter discusses Sick Building Syndrome, its characteristics and its impact on the well-being of building occupants and users.
SICK BUILDING SYNDROME
Sick Building Syndrome Defined
The following chapter seeks to raise awareness among architects of how destructive the architectural environment can be on its occupants and users at the micro level by emphasizing the importance of considering and designing for social interaction and well-being in the built environment. The main emphasis is to develop a set of tools through architecture that one can use to create environments that enhance both social interaction and well-being.
Symptoms of Sick Building Syndrome
The above effects of Sick Building Syndrome according to Balsdon (1990, p. 20) are more likely to occur in buildings that are air conditioned rather than naturally ventilated (Finnegan et al 1984, Burge et al 1987). Sick Building Syndrome is also considered to cause stress as the internal environment does not necessarily satisfy human comfort (Balsdon 1990, p. 20).
Causes of Sick Building Syndrome
- Thermal Comfort and Ventilation Systems
- Causes and Effects of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’S) . 52
- The Impact of Technological Induced Design
Pearson (1991, pp. 68-69) states that "most urban environments are poorly designed and managed, and the constant exposure to them produces stress and illness... the symptoms of 'sick building syndrome' are part of a much wider malaise Levin (2003, p. 1) blames the use of current building technology for the negative impact on the well-being of building users.
BIOPHILIA IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
DYNAMIC NATURAL LIGHT
- Architecture as a Tool for Day Lighting Strategies
- Solar Shading
Daylighting can be distributed to interior spaces through openings in the facades, from above, and from a combination of both. It is important for architects to understand the different impact that daylighting strategies have on the spaces within a building as well as on the occupants who use these spaces.
NATURAL VENTILATION
One of the main elements used by the architect is the use of courtyards which are located in the middle of each of the four research pods allowing all spaces within the entire building to receive natural ventilation and lighting. It is important that architects try to create buildings that use elements of natural ventilation.
WATER
- Water and Its Impact on Well-being
PLANTS
- Plants as an Architectural Tool for Well-being
- Green Roofs
- Vertical Gardens
The atrium and all its plantings have a positive effect on the well-being of the building's residents (http://behnisch.com/projects/22). They are responsible for shaping the well-being and needs for social interaction in the world.
FREQUENT OPPURTUNITIES FOR SPONTANEOUS INTERACTION WITH
BUILDING MATERIALS AND FINISHES FOR WELL-BEING
Importance of Building Materials
It is important to consciously choose building materials that are non-toxic and ecological for indoor environments (Mirkine 1996, p. 85). Resource depletion and energy consumption become more evident in the production and transport of building materials.
Materials and their relationship to Well-being
The building appears more monolithic, colder and less inviting than the two buildings above due to the choice of materials (www.trendir.com).
Building Finishes: Impact of Colour on Well-being
- Application of Colour and its Effects
- Analysis of the Dominant Hues
- The impact of Colour in the Interior Environment
Red has the longest wavelength and is a powerful color that appears closer than it is and therefore catches our attention first. It is important to understand the impact that a particular color can have on each different surface.
ARCHITECTURE AS A TOOL FOR SOCIAL INTERACTION
Sociopetal and Sociofugal Layouts
Opportunities for Social Interaction
- Balconies, Patios and Roof Gardens
- Atriums and Courtyards
- Staircases
It has further allowed the building to create spaces for courtyards, roof gardens and balconies, giving the people living in the building outdoor spaces to use and socially interact with each other and form a community within the building. The form of the building has demonstrated an impressive response from the architect to create a building that takes into account the importance of the user's needs for well-being and social interaction (www.archdaily.com).
CONCLUSION
It further contributes to the well-being and experience of the building's users and does not create negative emotional and physiological effects that would affect the role for which the building was designed. It is important to create environments that increase well-being through good architectural design.
INTRODUCTION
MICRO CONTEXT: GENZYME CENTER IN CAMBRIDGE
- Location and Purpose
- Concept and General Layout
- Biophilic Elements
- Natural Lighting
- Ventilation
- Planting
- Water and Water features
- Building Materials
- Spaces for Social Interaction
The central atrium is the main element used to allow an abundance of light into the building. The dynamic cuts and use of plants throughout the building can be clearly seen (http://www.solaripedia.com).
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
MACRO CONTEXT: MELROSE ARCH (JOHANNESBURG, GAUTENG)
- Justification
- Location and Concept
- Analysis and Discussion
- Principles of New Urbanism
- Social Interaction: The Street and Public Spaces
- Biophilic Elements
- Water and Water Features
- Landscaping and Planting
- Image of the Environment: Identification and Orientation
However, this is the reality we live in, and is one of the reasons why social interaction and well-being suffer. In both past and current projects, your designs consider the well-being of the building occupants with reference to.
MICRO CONTEXT: MUNICH REINSURANCE CENTRE (GAUTENG)
Justification
Location and Concept
General Layout
Biophilic Elements
- Dynamic Natural Light
- Natural Ventilation
- Water
- Planting
The building's long, narrow shape allows it to take full advantage of the natural ventilation methods. The building takes full advantage of natural ventilation to ensure that a constant fresh supply of air is available.
Materials and Colours
From the interviews and research conducted in this thesis, it can be concluded that the use of plants in the indoor environment certainly improves the well-being of building users for several reasons. Most materials are tactile and have textures, so they are more visually stimulating than smooth finishes.
Spaces for Social Interaction
If access to the atriums and seating is provided, it can really be a great space to take a break from work, sit, relax and interact with other employees. However, the atriums remain untouched and miss the opportunity for interaction and rest seating (figure 129).
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
Social Interaction
- Macro Context Analysis
The notion of chance encounters with people or bumping into people is completely removed as there is no sense of human interface in the design of the built environment." However, many of the respondents who responded were of the opinion that social interaction is limited and can better life takes care.
Well-being
- Macro Context Analysis
- Micro Context Analysis
- Architects Response and Analysis
Are the respondents aware of the positive effects of the above-mentioned elements on improving well-being? Lack of knowledge about the topic can have a negative impact on wellness planning.
CONCLUSION
This thesis investigated social interaction and well-being in architectural environments on both a macro and micro level. Breaking up the solid mass of the buildings makes it possible to create space for social interaction and well-being.
PRECEDENT STUDY: ELPHICK PROO`ME ARCHITECTS STUDIO
Do you think that interiors in which residents have control over their own environment will have a positive impact on well-being? access to operable windows, personal fan, desk lamps and blinds). Do you think that interiors in which residents have control over their own environment will have a positive impact on well-being? access to operable windows, personal fan, desk lamps and blinds).
ARCHITECTURAL TOOLS FOR WELL-BEING
DAY LIGHTING TOOLS FOR ARCHITECTURE
- Side Lighting
- Single, Bilateral and Multilateral Lighting
- Clerestory Lighting
- Light Shelves
- Top Lighting
- Skylight System
- Courtyards
- Light Wells
- Atriums
Designed to capture natural light when the sun is high in the sky and spread the light into the room under the skylight. These are openings in the floor of a certain room through which daylight can penetrate into the room below.
SHADING DEVICES: HORRIZONTAL AND VERTICAL LOUVRES
However, light wells are not spaces for occupation, they serve only one purpose and that is to allow natural lighting and ventilation into the buildings interior. It also allows light to enter the other interior spaces that open into the atrium.
VENTILATION TOOLS FOR ARCHITECTURE
- Wind Variation-Induced Single-Sided Ventilation
- Wind Driven Cross Ventilation
- Buoyancy Pressure – Driven Stack Ventilation
- Wind Scoops
- Double Facades
- Chimneys
- Wind Towers
- Atriums
- Ventilation Openings in the Facade
The wind in cross ventilation creates a high pressure zone where it affects the building and a low pressure zone on the leeward side that channels air through the building. It is recommended to place windows in the middle of walls, as this is where the pressure is highest (Allard 2005, p. 138).
