My deepest appreciation also goes to the contractors of the Zibambele program in Nkwalini and Nxamalala for their enthusiasm and full participation. Growth, Employment and Redistribution KwaZulu-Natal Income Dynamics Study Member of the Executive Council National Public Works Program Age Pension.
Introduction
Rationale for the study
Furthermore, in households where the man is the one who works, there is no guarantee that the money will be divided equally (Budlender. If a member of the household falls ill, it is the job of the women in the household or an extended family member to take care of that person.
Objectives of the Study
Outline of the Dissertation
The third chapter presents the methodology and describes the study areas, study design and thematic analysis that were used in the data analysis and limitations of the study. It outlines background information leading up to program implementation, the program selection process, goals and progress to date, and savings clubs.
Literature Review
- Introduction
- The State versus Market Debate
- Livelihood Dimensions and Sustainable Livelihoods Approach
- South Africa's Interventionist Programmes
- Land Reform
- Social Assistance
- Public Works Programmes (PWPs)
- Key Research Questions
- Conclusion
Rather, he concludes that economic performance can be improved by the combination of the market and the state playing a decisive role. However, it is argued that the poor still remain poor, regardless of the safety net received (EPRI, 2002: 1).
Methodology
- Introduction
- Research Design
- Sampling Design
- Profile of Study Areas
- Data Collection Techniques
The purpose of using FGDs in this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the participants' livelihood activities. Some of the information sought in the FGDs served to supplement information that had already been gathered from the interviews. The researcher created consent forms that first informed the participants about the nature of the study and began the interviews by giving the participants informed consent.
The identities of the participants were protected by the use of pseudonyms, except in the case of two DoT officials.
The Aims and Design of Zibambele
- Introduction
- Characteristics of KwaZulu-Natal
- The Design of the Zibambele Public Works Programme
- Progress of the Programme
- Zibambele Savings Clubs
- Conclusion
However, creating employment opportunities is one of the biggest challenges facing the province (May, 1996: 6). This is done in the presence of a representative of the Induna and Rural Road Transport Forum (RRTF) (DoT, 2001: 2). It is an advisory body to the Member of the Executive Committee (MEC) for Transport.
It was not the researcher's intention to examine the program's knowledge clubs and skills development.
Findings and Discussion
Introduction
Demographic Profile of the Sample
It is important to understand the educational background of the respondents so that one has a clearer picture of the level of skills that individuals possess if they want to succeed in the workplace. This was mainly caused by the apartheid regime, which allowed whites to enjoy many privileges at the expense of the African, Indian and black population. The figures above show that apartheid policies had a severe impact, especially given the low number of respondents with higher primary and secondary education and the high number with no education.
The age of the respondents thus has an important meaning in the study, as the old are the most vulnerable.
Work History
This also indicates that rural women need to raise their economic and social status as literature reveals that a majority of Africans enter the world of employment with a low level of education. Among other things, the apartheid policy with restrictive access to markets, infrastructure and education created and reinforced poverty among the black population (Adato and Haddad, 2002:5). The limitation of access to education is one of the main reasons why most of the respondents are not educated and lack valuable skills that can enable them to get better jobs.
On the other hand, the Zibambele program is justified in providing employment to rural women, as most of them stated that there were no jobs around their areas, they lacked money and had to take care of their families, which made it difficult to find work. in remote places.
Perceptions of Zibambele
Most women indicate that they are now in a better position because they can even buy food on credit in the shops. The general feelings of respondents in the survey were that they wanted to join the program because it had improved their living conditions. The problem is that some of the women we work with are regularly absent.
If DoT continues to tolerate absenteeism, it will undermine the sustainability of the program.
Income and Decision-making in the Household
She added that she studied standard lO before leaving school to take care of the household. These respondents cannot be classified as the heads of households but children of the heads of the households. These findings also show that women who are the income earners in the household are likely to have conflicts over the income earned with the male members of the households, who are supposedly the 'heads'.
Such conflict can lead to the women's income being used in ways she does not approve of.
Income Earned by Men
In a multi-generational household, he will often not be the highest income earner, or even control the resources of the household. The implication of the findings is that women who are not decision makers are more likely to be poor and vulnerable than those who are decision makers in their households. This information provided by the women indicates that money earned by women is the most efficient way to ensure the maintenance of the family.
They state that the welfare impact of pensions received by women had a much greater effect on the welfare of the household than those received by men (Case and Deaton, 1998).
Burial Society
This is supported by Budlender (1997) who states "in view of the conventional wisdom which holds that women are better able than men to use their money wisely and creatively for the benefit of the whole family (Budlender). Firstly, there are many companies that prey on the elderly or poor with all kinds of schemes. Because a majority of the women in the study are illiterate, they do not ask these companies why their monthly installments are inconsistent.
In this context, it would be commendable if DT could implement adult literacy classes aimed at educating women.
Significance of Savings Clubs
Four women indicate that they sometimes do not see the benefits of savings clubs, even though they participate. The other function of the savings clubs is to promote investments, which means that women set up projects for income-generating activities. Respondents believe that the savings clubs can help them enter into a large business venture, which can generate additional income.
For example, DoT started the savings clubs, but the women are the main players in the running of the clubs.
Health
The role of the DOT should then be to help the women educate them on how to use the money wisely, to achieve sustainability of the project. Sometimes getting sick or having a family member become ill is a problem because you have to pay your replacement all your salary. In other cases, children under the age of 18 replace their parents, which is against DOT policy15.
When a household member falls ill, the activities of the Zibambele contractor are disrupted, as the respondent cannot come to work.
Skills Development
Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the training duration IS. Although the training provided by DT is small scale, the important fact is that it can help the participants in future employment. The aim is to improve their chances of pursuing jobs in the private sector, which need new skills (Adato and May, n.d: 34).
It is further stated that getting education and training is beneficial because finding a job where people can get experience is a major problem and experience is a skill in itself (National Economic Forum, 1994, cited in Adato and May, n.d: 34 ).
Social Assistance
My husband's pension helps to buy what we lack at home (focus group discussion, Nxamalala. This shows that a significant proportion of the black population in rural areas relies heavily on government grants for livelihood opportunities (Deininger and May , 2000: n.d. From the study it is evident that most of the poor women depend on the grant and income from Zibambele to support their families.
In summary, the implications of the findings show that the combination of the CSG and OAP has a positive impact on the living standards of poor households.
Rural Livelihoods
That's why I save in the hope that the savings club in my community will start a business. These findings reveal that the types of livelihood activities respondents undertake vary and are sometimes diverse. This is consistent with Devereux, who argues that labor-based rights can be used to develop livelihoods through “.
In relation to the five dimensions discussed in Chapter Two, the study revealed that the participants form networks or relationships with neighbors and other people.
Conclusion
However, the benefits of the livelihood activities that the respondents engage in are not substantial, but still help to improve the household. Social problems such as family decision-making also prevent women from making decisions to engage in activities to bring in extra money. In some cases, a family is in a better position to engage in livelihood activities if it receives a grant from the government.
Households that do not receive subsidies find it difficult to engage in activities that can bring in extra money.
Conclusion
Targeting poverty through community-based public works programs; experience from South Africa.' Journal of Development Studies. Public Works as a Response to Labor Market Failure in South Africa.' Working document of the Center for Social Science Research No. An Overview of the Performance and Potential of Public Works Programs in South Africa.' Working document Social Science Research Center No.
Macroeconomic Reforms and Employment: What Possibilities for South Africa' in Padayachee, V (Bd.) The Development Decade.
DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION 1. Language spoken at home: (circle the appropriate option)
The study will focus on the Zibambele public works program in KwaZulu-Natal as a case study.
HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION
WORK HISTORY
INCOME AND DECISION-MAKING
What other sources of income does your household have (look for scholarships, remittances, from relatives, etc.). What was the total household income in the last month, including wages, grants and other sources of income. In your opinion, does the income from Zibambela affect the welfare of the household?
Other Forms of Self-Employment
TRANSPORT
HEALTH INCIDENCE
PERCEPTIONS OF ZIBAMBELE
In this section, I would like to know about your income, family expenses and decision making in your family. Some people argue that the income earned by women is used for the needs of the whole family than that earned by men.
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
HEALTH INCIDENCE
Perceptions of Zibambele
