This study on the state of research, development and innovation of electrical energy efficiency technologies in South Africa is both timely and important. The targeted funding of the Energy Efficiency Demand Side Management (EEdSm) Hub has contributed significantly to this growth in research, but must be continued and increased to maintain momentum to guide and support energy efficiency interventions with linked research and development (R&D) activities. .
Background
Scope
Panel membership is presented in Table 2-1, and member biographies are presented in Appendix 1. Commissioned experts and panel members were contacted to ensure that the evaluations were inclusive and addressed the goals of the study.
Introduction
South Africa is one of the first emerging economies to establish a transparent and systematic mechanism to finance energy efficiency. However, an overview of research and technological developments in energy efficiency and demand side management in South Africa has not yet been provided.
Scope and extent
The results of this study will be a measure of the effectiveness and competitiveness of the national energy efficiency innovation system and will serve as a basis for the dST to identify appropriate RDI policy interventions for energy efficiency for the next ten years. next and beyond.
Methodology
The first step of this study was to compile a comprehensive list of keywords in the fields related to electrical energy efficiency (Appendix 3). Some of the keywords are interrelated and cross fields, while others are less relevant to energy efficiency.
Energy efficiency technology classifications for South Africa by keywords
A power system can be defined as the combination of all the components used in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. Many believe that this area itself is broader than micro-grids, and in this sense it should stand as an independent area of research.
Results
The third category includes the areas with some research history in South Africa: SSL and batch chemical processes. It should not be concluded that M&V is the leading research area in South Africa as the total number of publications in this area is very small (89), as is also the case with smart grids (73).
Technology-enabled EEDSM options, implementation and potential
According to this report, it was determined that the market will drive energy efficiency for the next 30 years by itself on the one hand, but it also recognized the need for a centrally mandated entity to pursue national energy efficiency programs whose costs and benefits were marked as . The IDM performance indicates that with funding from mypd 2 and mypd 3, savings were quickly achieved in the first four to five years from 2005 and sustained in the next five to six years before 2014 at between 1%. This experience provided the answer to the IRP 2010 (DoE, 2013a) priority question showing that EEdSm programs offered the cheapest impact at r2.38m/mw.
A recent CNES report (CNES, 2017) shows that greater energy efficiency should have a major impact on investment decisions for new generation capacity and would also provide significant development and competitive advantages.
Observations and analysis
This may be a global trend, but it is also related to energy efficiency research funding trends in South Africa. New and renewable energy and energy efficiency are part of the nine areas intended for joint financing. In practice, both the design and implementation of national energy efficiency strategies require significant support from research activities.
Draw up a national EEdSm roadmap in support of the irp and the new National Energy Efficiency Strategy.
Introduction
The various applications provided as an integral part of the smart grid solution provide the key to improving energy use and addressing the challenges outlined above. Smart grid technologies essentially introduce a layer of digital intelligence to networks and marry the interface between classic network infrastructure and information technology capabilities. A smart grid provides the ability to manage the industry value chain in an integrated manner, while increasing visibility, which facilitates proactive decision-making and optimization.
From the above, it is clear that there are numerous opportunities to improve energy efficiency through the implementation of smart grid technology applications.
Technology landscape
This is an area where applications within the suite of smart grid functionalities could be implemented to improve energy efficiency. Eskom conducted smart grid-related research in the areas shown in Table 4-5 to improve efficiency in the electricity value chain16. A report by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (ApEC, 2011) recognizes the benefits that can be achieved through smart grid implementation in terms of energy efficiency.
Furthermore, the report states: “Distribution is the domain most affected by the Smart grid implementation.
Research and development opportunities in South Africa
From a broader industry perspective, many international companies are investing in smart grid technologies to improve energy efficiency. The ventyx report (Lewis, 2013) showed that efficiency improvements in the electricity value chain can be achieved through a smart grid. Through industry partnership, research related to smart grids is directed and mostly funded by SANEDI or Eskom.
Potentially the most obvious driver of research and development in the field of smart grids must be the Integrated Energy Plan (iEp).
Summary
Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that current research is driven by specific needs or areas of interest. The effective deployment of smart grids has great potential to reduce outages by, for example, 20%, outage duration by 30% and peak loads relative to the load on distribution networks by 15%, providing consumers with up to 20% savings on electricity bills (Dr. De Beer , personal communication, March 2017). Therefore, it should be understood that detailed results regarding the evaluation of the results of the completed project and the benefits achieved are still lacking.
All indicators show that the smart grid represents the potential for more efficient industry, more efficient use of energy and an important contribution to environmental protection.
Introduction
Technology landscape
However, like many other developing countries in the world, South Africa still lags behind more developed countries in implementing SSL technologies. Today, Japan is recognized as the world leader in the LED industry, both in production and in public funding for research and development. In Europe, lighting accounts for 14% of total electricity consumption (Japan Lighting Manufacturers Association, 2015).
The Flemish Institute for Technology Research (viTO) estimated that 82 million LED lamps (equivalent to 5% of all lamp sales worldwide) were sold in the European Union in 2013, and that this represents the total LED installation at 144 million units. brought which represents 1.3. % of the installed base (US doE, 2016).
Research and development opportunities in South Africa
The Chinese national target for 2020 is to raise SSL penetration to 70%, thereby saving 340 Twh of electrical energy. The target LED sales revenue in 2015 was usd 1.25 billion, representing over 80% of total lighting sales in India (Japan Lighting Manufacturers Association, 2015).
Summary
South Africa can make contributions to the development of solid-state light-emitting devices and should also position itself by providing education and training in the application of such devices. LED devices are not currently manufactured in South Africa, but are mainly imported from China. South Africa could learn a lot from the very successful uJALA program in India which stimulated a switch to LED lighting by providing LED lamps at the same cost as incandescent lamps.
Furthermore, South Africa must establish a research program on SSL that brings together materials scientists, electrical engineers, architects, economists and other stakeholders to guide and support the necessary change in lighting technologies with internationally competitive research conducted in South Africa.
Introduction
Technology and research and development landscape
The electric motors of the future can greatly reduce the demand for lubricants and new lubricant formulations. The production processes used to manufacture the wear-resistant materials are also optimised. SAiT is a member of the world tribology body known as the International Tribology Council, based in the UK, and has a working agreement with the Society for Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE) in the USA.
A lack of access to the national electricity grid has a negative impact on the development and opportunities of the poor.
Research and development opportunities in South Africa
Findings
There is significant potential for research and development of smart grid technologies with a focus on energy efficiency, based on the existing research base and the sound economic and environmental imperatives to utilize energy more efficiently rather than producing more a lot of electricity. South Africa has benefited significantly in terms of energy efficiency from the implementation of more efficient lighting fixtures, such as CFLs, but lags behind in the implementation of even more efficient SSL fixtures. The implementation of LED lighting equipment should be promoted as an instrument of development and energy efficiency.
Tribology as a wide-ranging interdisciplinary field offers significant prospects for increasing efficiency and reducing waste, thereby increasing energy efficiency across a wide range of activities and specifically in electrical energy production and utilization.
Recommendations
Energy efficiency should be considered as the 'first fuel' to improve competitiveness and create additional capacities in energy supply. South Africa has made significant progress in energy efficiency over the past 20 years with proportional savings and increasing competitiveness. It is further recommended that smart grid research be framed within an energy efficiency framework to provide it with an overall purpose and vision.
South Africa is lagging behind international trends in using SSL to improve lighting and energy efficiency while reducing light pollution.
OVERVIEW
Optical properties of solid-state laser illumination devices using SiAlON phosphor-glass composite films as wavelength converters.
SMART GRIDS
SOLID-STATE-LIGHTING
TRIBOLOGY
BIOGRAPHIES OF PANEL MEMBERS
He became Head of Department in 1996, Chair of the School of Engineering in 2001 and Dean of the Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology in 2001. She held several influential senior positions in the South African energy sector, to which he was appointed in 2009 as the first Director General of the Department of Energy (DOE), when the Department separated from the former Department of Minerals and Energy (DME). Key achievements during her tenure at the DoE included the development of the 2010 Integrated Resource Plan and the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Program (rEipppp).
A former member of the Engineering Council of South Africa and chair of the Council's Audit, Risk and Compliance Committee, she has also held non-executive directorships at NERSA, Electricity Distribution Industry Holdings and the South African National Energy Research Institute.
Ozoemena
Prof Ozoemena is recognized as one of South Africa's most prolific authors of energy works. He is a Fellow of the African Academy of Sciences (AAS), a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FrSC) and a Fellow of ASSAf. Prof.
Prof Sacks is a member of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (SAIMM) and the South African Institute of Tribology (SAIT).
BIOGRAPHIES OF REVIEWERS
KEYWORDS USED IN THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OVERVIEW
