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Fig. 1. Variances of annual losses: term life insurance (bullets), pure endowment (triangles) and endowment (crosses).
Fig. 2. Distributions of the total loss of a term life insurance (top left), a pure endowment (top right) and an endowment (lower plot).
Table 1Comparison of variances and positive semi-variances of losses.
Fig. 3. Life insurance combined with deferred life annuity: States and transitions.
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