SUPPORTING PAPERS
5. Acknowledgements
38 10.85±7.10
Figure 5.Comparison of percentage of total herbivory levels between ages planted stands of mangrove Rhizophora sp.
We use use hypothesis testing to determine whether there is a difference the insect herbivory in mangrove Rhizophora sp. varying planting ages. Through Tests of Between-Subjects Effects obtained significant value of 0.445 (P> 0.05). The conclusion is there is no influence between the ages of planting mangrove Rhizophora sp. against insect herbivory. Herbivory levels showed no clear trend patterns among plant life.
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Kitamura, S., Anwar, C., Chaniago, A. & Baba, S., 1997. Handbook of Mangroves in Indonesia, Bali, and Lombok. Denpasar: The Development of Sustainable Mangrove Management Project. Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia and Japan International Cooperation Agency.
Lowman, M.D., 1983. Insect Herbivory in Australian Rain Forests - Is it Higher Than in The Neotropics?. Proc. Ecol. Soc. Aust., 14, pp.109-19.
McGowan, T., 2006. An Assessment of Mangrove Forest Structure in The Las Perlas Islands, Panama. Master Thesis. Edinburgh: Heriot-Watt University Master of Science in Marine Resource Development and Protection.School of Life Sciences.
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Sustainable Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Culture on Swamp Waters Fatmawati, Noor Arida Fauzana, Pahmi Ansyari*)
*)Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Fisheries, Lambung Mangkurat University
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the growth of tilapia fish that was cultured by feeding with probiotics supplement and to investigate the impact of feeding on the water quality of swamp waters. The study was carried out from September to November 2012 on swamp of Sungai Sipai Village, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan Province.
The experiment that consisted of 4 treatments was designed by completely randomization. The treatments comprised of feeding with pellet containing four level concentration of probiotics i.e 0% (treatment A), 3% (treatment B), 5% (treatment C), and 7% (treatment D). Every treatment was replicated three times.
The results showed that the culture of tilapia using diets of probiotics containing commercial pellets resulted in better growth of tilapia fish than that of probiotics less commercial pellets. Pellet feeding that contained 3% probiotics was the most efficient treatment in increasing the growth rates of relative weight (4.341%), survival rate (97.7%), and feed conversion ratio (2.40). Water quality of the fish culture was very supportive to the growth of tilapia. The quality value of water, which was released to environment, of pellets with probiotics treatments, was better than that of pellets without probiotics treatment. The culture of tilapia using pellets with probiotics was the most effective to reduce the rate of water quality deterioration.
Keywords: feed, probiotics, tilapia, feed conversion ratio, Swamp waters
1. Introduction
Tilapia is very popular as farmed fish because the fish is very easy to look after, respond to artificial feed, and has relatively fast growth. According to Effendie (1978), feeding in the intensive cultivation is one of the success factors in the cultivation, because it is the main factor affecting the fish growth.
The successful of tilapia farming development is also determined by the feasibility and accuracy of natural resource management and application of aquaculture technology.
The limitations of natural resources in tilapia farming make technological improvements to select the more intensive pattern in order to stimulate the increase of tilapia production. On the other hand, the consequences of application of these technologies are the accumulation of residual feed and fish excretion, as well as other compounds in the bottom of the pond that may responsible for the main cause of the failure of intensive cultivation pattern.
Increase feeding in line with the growth of tilapia, further adds to the remaining feed and feces were discharged into the aquatic environment, as a result the consumption of dissolved oxygen to do decomposition increase. If this continues, there will be
anaerobic and reductive conditions, especially in the bottom waters. These conditions could accelerate the anaerobic decomposition of organic material, subsequently produce toxic materials that may endanger the lives of cultured fish. The consequences of intensive farming is the additional feed from the outside of pond as result in feeding of the pond environment is insufficient. If the feeding technique is not well controlled, it may cause impaired water quality and eventually disturbs the production, and finally resulting in the decrease of fish culture in the swamp waters.
To prevent the negative effects of the use of artificial feed in an intensive fish farming system that meet nutritional requirements by solely on artificial feed, is only through the development of eco-friendly artificial feed. The artificial feed is prepared with the addition of probiotics or through a process that offer emanation of feed ingredients. The feed can produce a low feed conversion ratio, i.e high efficient feed utilization, improve and repair of power excitatory and the digestibility of fish feed. The use of probiotics in fish and shrimp farming now becomes common, for example the use of Bacillus spp as prebion. The application can improve water quality by maintain the microbial population balance, reduce the number of pathogens simultaneously, decrease the use of chemical compounds and increase the growth of fish (Wang et al., 1999 in Irianto, 2003).
Based on the above background, it is required red to investigate the important of environmental friendly probiotic feed on a tilapia fish farming of the swamp waters. In addition, the ability of the environment to support long period farming is also need to be assesed.