SUPPORTING PAPERS
C. The Analysis of the Risk Factor of the Behavior on the DHF Incidence
4. Conclusion and Recommendation 1 Conclusions
Based on the analysis with odd ration test at the confidence interval 95%, it was found that:
1. The respondents with low knowledge were at risk of the BHF 7.944 times higher than those with high knowledge of the breeding place eradication.
2. The respondents with low attitude toward the breeding place eradiation were at risk of the BHF 7.875 times higher than those with high attitude of the mosquito nest eradication.
3. The respondents who did not act to eradicate the breeding place were at risk of the BHF 14.636 times higher than those who act to eradicate the breeding place.
4.2 Recommendations
1. It was necessary to conduct further study of the risk factors of the habit of society and the climate on the BHF incidence.
2. It was necessary to invite active participation of all of the members of the society in the effort to eradicate breeding place.
3. It was necessary to improve the DHF dissemination program, especially by empowering the health officers in the covering area of the Health Office of Banjarbaru City in order to increase the awareness of the local people of clean self and environmental health living behavior.
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Converting Wetlands to Oil Palm Plantation in South Kalimantan;
Law of Spatial Planning and Environmental Perspectives, A Case Study on Barito Kuala District
1)Abdul HalimBarkatullah, 2)Ifrani, 3)Lies Ariany and 4)Lena Hanifah
1), 2), 3), 4)
Law Faculty, LambungMangkurat University
1)E-mail: [email protected] ; 2)E-mail: [email protected] ;
3)E-mail: [email protected] and 4)E-mail: [email protected] Abstract
Area of oil palm plantation is increasing rapidly in many districts of South Kalimantan.
The expansion of the oil palmplantation, particularly those in district that rich with the wetlands area while the dryland areas extensively developed. Socio-legal Method is chosen to elucidate the issues on the conversion of wetland to palm cultivation in South of Kalimantan, especially in Barito Kuala district, in law of spatial planning perspectives.The results showed that Barito Kuala is confronting both the spatial law and environmental law when the status of Barito Kuala as a center for rice, orange and rambutan is challenging by the expansion of oil palm plantation. This research suggested that the palm plantation on wetland should carefully consider on the status of the area utilization according to the spatial planning regulations. In other way, the spatial planning regulations must be considered to the environment law, whether the utilization of the area for palm cultivation could harm the preservation of the environment, especially the wetland environment.
Keywords: Converting, Wetlands, Oil palm plantation, Spatial law, environmental law.
1. Introduction
Development activities need land and space so the development could do the functions.
Any policies on the land and space will affect not only the life quality of the citizen, but also affect the environment at the same time. The mismanagement of the space and land will bring negative return to the development itself. South Kalimantan has the uniqueness regarding to its geographical territory. It has only two quarters of the land is the dry land while the rest of it is wetlands. It made the province government has to carefully design the spatial policies to maximize the use of the land and space and minimizing the useless land.
The definition of the wetlands according to the Environmental Defender‘s Office is an area flooded or waterlogged often enough to have both terrestrial and aquatic characteristics (Sommer, 1987). Wetland is any area of low-lying land where the water table is at or near the surface for most of the time, resulting in open water habitats and waterlogged land areas (Jones, 1990). Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially Waterfowl Habitat, known as Ramsar Convention, gave definition to wetland as area of marsh, flend, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or
salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters.
Wetland is a big supermarket for the biological diversities and is vulnerable to any disturbance that could harmful its existence. The vulnerability could cause by nature such as earthquake, fire, and climate exchange, or caused by human such as reclamation for agriculture or housing. Wetland is endangered ecosystem because of its strategic area and its characteristic as an ubiquitos area. Ubiquitos means being everywhere.
Some areas of wetlands in South of Kalimantan are peatland. It is similar to the wetland areas in Barito Kuala. Barito Kuala is a district that has huge area of wetlands. The promising economical growth of oil palm plantation fascinating some people to do what it takes to expand the cultivation.Oil palm plantation in Barito Kuala growth rapidly and massively, whether expanded by big company, or by the community itself in form of people plantation. In 2008, the wide of palm plantation in Barito Kuala is only 2075 ha, while in 2009 increased to 4.800 ha, and still counting. It is in contrary to the wide of food crops areas which rapidly decrease, as in 2009, the wide of food crops areas is 232.335 ha, decreased to 231.063 ha in 2010. It such an ironic to recall that Barito Kuala, according to Local Act 9 Spatial Regulation 2000 that regulated about the development of priority areas regarding the potentiality and role of each district in South of Kalimantan, is one of the center for food crops and local fruit cultivation.
The objectives of this research were to elucidate: a) The issues on the conversion of wetland to palm cultivation in South of Kalimantan in law of spatial planning perspectives. b) The Government Policies on conservating wetland in South of Kalimantan, a case study on Barito Kuala District.
2. Methods
Socio-legal Method is chosen as the method of the research, with the approach of interdiscipliner or mixed between normative research with the sociology that used the qualitative analysis. Socio-legal method represented an interface with a context within which law exists (Beckmann, 2005). This method tried to fulfill the need of detailed and accurate explanation upon the law issues and studying the existence of law in book along with the law in action. It recognized the conflict beween theory and the legal phenomena. The debate on the set of rule of conduct which enforced and ruling the citizen to obey the written norms, but also adjusted the conflicts of legal centralism.
The research included two phases;
a. Documentary Research
The aim and the purpose of this phase basically to open the way to solve the research issues.
b. Field Research
The empirical data collected focused on semi-structured interview with the purposive sample, and key actors.
3. Results and Discussion