1. Agricultural development specially rice farming in tidal swamp lands are a strategic effort to find alternatives to securing food production and offset shrinking agricultural land in Java and equitable development between regions, by exploiting natural resources optimally. Tidal lands can play a very strategic role in supporting the achievement of rice production.
2. Agricultural development in tidal swamp lands starts from the realization that land is marginal, unstable, potentially acid sulfate soil and peat are very susceptible to environmental destruction, and vulnerable to the threat of pests/diseases, social aspect/institutional and environmental needs be taken seriously. Agricultural development in peat land also potentially lead to the destruction of the environment, especially CO2 emissions and biodiversity losses with a consequent losses of genetic resources.
3. Be aware that the technologies of rice production for tidal swamp lands have already available, but have not been fully adopted by farmers, especially farmers transmigrant. Priorities of rice based farming system development in tidal swamp lands should focus on lands that have been reclaimed and have a moderate level of productivity (between 1-3 tons of paddy / ha) and high (> 3 tonnes of paddy / ha). While the land is not productive or already damaged by low productivity (<1
tonne paddy/ha) should be reforested or planted perennials suitable land conditions such as gelam, sago and sengon. Tidal wetlands are still forested should not be opened, and the safety of the environment needs to be protected from both fire disturbance, or destruction by human activities.
4. The success and sustainability of agricultural development in swamp lands is not only determined by the availability of reliable technology, but also by the availability of facilities/infrastructures and institutional support adequate, public participation and government policy. Therefore, its need for coordination, synchronization and integration between stakeholder/related agencies, with focus and oriented towards the achievement of development goals.
5. Environmental aspects should be taken seriously. For peat lands, the excess drainage will cause drying/oxidation of peat or decomposition which produces CO2 emissions. The peatlands have been degraded/dried peat will not be able to hold water according to its function, and will easily burn, producing CO2 emissions.
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Environmental Hot Issue on Wetland Development Nyoman Suryadiputra
Wetlands International Indonesia Programme Abstract
Indonesia’s wetlands, which cover about 55 million hectares, consist of various types (dominated by peatlands and mangroves) and have a range of values and benefits.
Broadly speaking, these wetlands can be grouped into coastal wetlands, marshes (peat and mangrove), rivers, floodplains, estuaries / river estuaries, lakes and artificial wetlands. The values and benefits of the various types of wetlands include:
flood & drought control, coastal belt (protecting against sea water intrusion, abrasion/erosion and storms), transportation, recreation, research and education, sediment traps and water purification, nutrient retention and provision, dilution of pollutants, stabilization of microclimate, global climate control (carbon storage and carbon sequestration), provision of water to the community, recharging of groundwater, water supply for other wetlands, provision of forest products, wildlife and other food resources, fisheries resources, support for agriculture, energy resources, habitat for biodiversity, unique traditional values /culture, habitat for part or the entire lifecycle of flora and fauna. Large areas of Indonesia’s wetlands are being lost (about 40 million ha remain) due to conversion for plantations, aquaculture, public infrastructure and housing, and due to over-exploitation, pollution, land and forest fires, etc. This condition is very worrying. The main issues currently faced by wetlands in Indonesia are the conversion of peatlands for palm oil and paper industries/HTI and the destruction of coastal ecosystems (mangroves) due to aquaculture. This conversion has adversely affected our landscape, wildlife habitat and biodiversity, and the socio-economic conditions of the communities, while also exacerbating the release of carbon as a greenhouse gas, and increasing the threats due to global warming.