• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Penyelarasan strategis memiliki dampak yang signifikan dalam mencapai tujuan organisasi. Dikatakan bahwa penyelarasan strategis mengarah pada peningkatan kemampuan perusahaan untuk meningkatkan kinerja bisnis serta menciptakan keunggulan kompetitif yang berkelanjutan. Kunci untuk membangun keselarasan adalah mengubah perilaku organisasi dan berkoordinasi dengan karyawan mengenai pemahaman tentang perubahan yang dinamis dalam pasar global (Cobb, Samuels, dan Sexton, 1998). Penyelarasan strategis meningkatkan kinerja organisasi sebagaimana dibuktikan oleh beberapa cendekiawan (Joshi dkk., 2003; Sun dan Hong, 2002).

Sun dan Hong (2002),melakukan survei terhadap lebih dari 20 negara yang menunjukkan bahwa ketika keselarasan antara strategi manufaktur dan strategi bisnis terjadi, kinerja bisnis dan tujuan bisnis akan meningkat. Hal ini mirip dengan Smith dan Reece (1999), yang berpendapat bahwa keselarasan berpengaruh signifikan dan langsung pada kinerja perusahaan. Selain itu, dampak dari penyelarasan strategis pada keunggulan kompetitif yang berkelanjutan telah dieksplorasi oleh Chenhall (2005), yang meneliti

pengaruh sistem pengukuran kinerja strategis pada hasil strategis yang diinginkan, yang dimediasi oleh penyelarasan strategis manufaktur. Berdasarkan data dari 83 industri manufaktur Australia, ia menemukan bahwa penyelarasan strategis manufaktur memiliki kontribusi yang cukup besar dalam mencapai hasil strategis suatu perusahaan baik dalam strategi biaya rendah dan diferensiasi.Namun, Homburg, Krohmer, dan Workman JR (1999), melakukan survei lintas-nasional tentang dampak keselarasan pada konsensus kinerja dalam berbagai jenis strategi bisnis. Mereka menemukan bahwa penyelarasan strategis meningkatkan kinerja dalam strategi diferensiasi, tetapi tidak pada strategi dengan biaya rendah.

Daftar Bacaan

Andrews, R., Boyne, G.A., dan Walker, R.M. 2006. “Strategy Content and Organizational Performance: An Empirical Analysis”. Public Administration Review. 66(1): 52–63.

Avison, D., Jones, J., Powell, P., dan Wilson, D. 2004. “Using and Validating the Strategic Alignment Model”. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems. 13(3): 223–246.

Bergeron, F., Raymond, L., dan Rivard, S. 2004. “Ideal Patterns of Strategic Alignment and Business Performance”. Information & Management. 41(8): 1003–1020.

Bowman, C. dan Ambrosini, V. 1997. “Using Single Respondents in Strategy Research”. British Journal of Management. 8(2): 119–131.

Boyer, K.K. dan McDermott, C. 1999. “Strategic Consensus in Operations Strategy”.

Journal of Operations Management. Vol.17, No.3, hlm. 289–305.

Broadbent, M. dan Weill, P. 1993. “Improving Business and Information Strategy Alignment: Learning from the Banking Industry”. Improving Business and Information Strategy Alignment: Learning from The Banking Industry. 32(1): 162–179.

Brown, S. dan Blackmon, K. 2005. “Aligning Manufacturing Strategy and Business-Level Competitive Strategy in New Competitive Environments: The Case for Strategic Resonance”. Journal of Management Studies. 42(4): 793–815.

Brown, S., Squaire, B., dan Blackmon, K. 2007. “The Contribution of Manufacturing Strategy Involvement and Alignment to World-Class Manufacturing Performance”. Internasional Journal of Operations & Production Management. 27(3): 282–302.

Chenhall, R.H. 2005. “Integrative Strategic Performance Measurement Systems, Strategic Alignment of Manufacturing, Learning, and Strategic Outcomes: An Exploratory Study”. Accounting, Organizations and Society. 30(5): 395–422.

Cobb, J., Samuels, C., dan Sexton, M. 1998. “Alignment and Strategic Change: A Challenge for Marketing and Human Resources”. Leadership & Organization Development Journal. 19(1): 32–43.

Decoene, V. dan Bruggeman, W. 2006. “Strategic Alignment and Middle-Level Managers’ Motivation in a Balanced Scorecard Setting”. International Journal of Operations & Production Management. 26(4): 429–448. Dess, G.G. 1987. “Consensus on Strategy Formulation and Organizational

Performance: Competitors in a Fragmented Industry. Strategic Management Journal. 8 (3): 259–277.

Dess, G.G. dan Priem, R.L. 1995. “Concensus-Performance Research: Theoretical and Empirical Extensions”. Journal of Management Studies. 32(4): 401–417.

Gomes, C.F. 2010. “Assessing Operational Effectiveness in Healthcare Organizations: A Systematic Approach”. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance. 23(2): 127.

Fredrickson, J.W. 1986. “The Strategic Decision Process and Organizational Structure”. Academy of Management Review. 11(2): 280–297.

Homburg, C., Krohmer, H., dan Workman Jr., J.P. 1999. “Strategic Consensus and Performance: The Role of Strategy Type and Market-Related Dynamism”. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 20, No.4, hlm. 339. Homburg, C., Workman Jr., J.P., dan Krohmer, H. 1999. “Marketing’s Influence

Within The Firm”. The Journal of Marketing, 1–17.

Huang, L. 2008. “Strategic Orientation and Performance Measurement Model in Taiwan’s Travel Agencies”. Service Industries Journal. 28(10): 1357–1383. Joshi, M.P., Kathuria, R., dan Porth, S.J. 2003. “Alignment of Strategic Priorities

and Performance: An Integration of Operations and Strategic Management Perspectives”. Journal of Operations Management. 21(3): 353–369. Kaplan, R.S. dan Norton, D.P. 2005. “The Office of Strategy Management”.

Harvard Business Review. Oktober: 72–80.

Kathuria, R., Joshi, M., dan Dellande, S. 2008. “International Growth Strategies of Service and Manufacturing Firms: The Case of Banking and Chemical Industries”. International Journal of Operations & Production Management. 28(10): 968–990.

Kathuria, R., Joshi, M.P., dan Porth, S.J. 2007. “Organizational Alignment and Performance: Past, Present, and Future”. Management Decision. 45: 503–517.

Kathuria, R. dan Porth, S.J. 2003. “Strategy-Managerial Characteristics Alignment and Performance: A Manufacturing Perspective”. International Journal of Operations & Production Management. 23: 255–276.

Kathuria, R., Anandarajan, M., dan Igbaria, M. 1999. “Linking IT Applications with Manufacturing Strategy: An Intelligent Decision Support System Approach”. Decision Sciences. 30(4): 959–991.

Kearns, G.S. dan Sabherwal, R. 2006. “Strategic Alignment between Business and Information Technology: A Knowledge-Based View of Behaviors, Outcome, and Consequences”. Journal of Management Information Systems. 23(3): 129–162.

Kellermanns, F.W., Walter, J., Lechner, C., dan Floyd, S.W. 2005. “The Lack of Consensus about Strategic Consensus: Advancing Theory and Research”.

Kim, Y. dan Lee, J. 1993. “Manufacturing Strategy and Production Systems: An Integrated Framework”. Journal of Operations Management. 11(1): 3–15. Lindman, F.T., Callarman, T.E., Fowler, K.L., dan McClatchey, C.A. 2001.

“Strategic Consensus and Manufacturing Performance”. Journal of Managerial Issues. 45–64.

Lingle, J.H. dan Schiemann, W.A. 1996. “From Balanced Scorecard to Strategic Gauges: Is Measurement Worth It?”. Management Review. 85(3): 56. Martinson, K. 1999. “Literature Review on Service Coordination and Integration

in the Welfare and Workforce Development Systems”. Urban Institute, diakses pada 4 Januari 2008 (http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=408026& renderforprint=1&CFID=13982942&CFTOKEN=47774672&jsessionid= b23051baca8897d602a4).

Miles, R.E. dan Snow, C.C. 1978. Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process. New York: McGraw Hill.

Mintzberg, H. 1998. “Covert Leadership: Notes on Managing Professionals”.

Harvard Business Review,76, 140–148.

Mintzberg, H. 1978. “Patterns in Strategy Formation”. Management Science. 24(9): 934–948.

Nie, W. dan Young, S.T. 1997. “A Study of Operations and Marketing Goal Consensus in the Banking Industry”. International Journal of Operations & Production Management. 17(8): 806–819.

Papke-Shields, K.E. dan Malhotra, M.K. 2001. “Assessing the Impact of the Manufacturing Executive’s Role on Business Performance through Strategic Alignment”. Journal of Operations Management. 19(1): 5–22.

Rapert, M.I., Velliquette, A., dan Garretson, J.A. 2002. “The Strategic Implementation Process: Evoking Strategic Consensus through Communication”. Journal of Business Research. 55(4): 301–310.

Rhee, M. dan Mehra, S. 2006. “Aligning Operations, Marketing, and Competitive Strategies to Enhance Performance: An Empirical Test in the Retail Banking Industry”. Omega. 34(5): 505–515.

Robinson, A.G. dan Stern, S. 1997. Corporate Creativity: How Innovation and Improvement Actually Happen. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Sabherwal, R. dan Chan, Y.E. 2001. “Alignment between Business and IS Strategies: A Study of Prospectors, Analyzers, and Defenders”. Information Systems Research. 12(1): 11.

Safizadeh, M.H., Ritzman, L.P., Sharma, D., dan Wood, C. 1996. “An Empirical Analysis of the Product-Process Matrix”. Management Science. 42(11): 1576–1591.

Sakakibara, S., Flynn, B.B., Schroeder, R.G., dan Morris, W.T. 1997. “The Impact of Just-in-Time Manufacturing and Its Infrastructure on Manufacturing

Schneider, B., Godfrey, E.G., Hayes, S.C., Huang, M., Lim, B.C., Nishii, L.H., Raver, J.L., dan Ziegert, J.C. 2003. “The Human Side of Strategy: Employee Experiences of Strategic Alignment in a Service Organization”.

Organizational Dynamics. 32(2): 122–141.

Schniederjans, M. dan Cao, Q. 2009. “Alignment of Operations Strategy, Information Strategic Orientation, and Performance: An Empirical Study”.

International Journal of Production Research. 47(10): 2535–2563.

Schroeder, R.G., Anderson, J.C., dan Cleveland, G. 1986. “The Content of Manufacturing Strategy: An Empirical Study”. Journal of Operations Management. 6(3–4): 405–415.

Skinner, W. 1969. “Manufacturing-Missing Link in Corporate Strategy”. Harvard Business Review. (Mei–Juni): 136–145.

Skinner, W. 1974. “The Focused Factory”. Harvard Business Review. 52(3): 113–121.

Smith, T. M. dan Reece, J.S. 1999. “The Relationship of Strategy, Fit, Productivity, And Business Performance in a Services Setting”. Journal of Operations Management. 17(2): 145–161.

Sun, H. dan Hong, C. 2002. “The Alignment between Manufacturing and Business Strategies: Its Influence on Business Performance”. Technovation. 22(11): 699–705.

Tarigan, R. 2005. “An Evaluation of the Relationship between Alignment of Strategic Priorities and Manufacturing Performance”. International Journal of Management. 22(4): 586.

Venkatraman, N., Henderson, J.C., dan Oldach, S. 1993. “Continuous Strategic Alignment: Exploiting Information Technology Capabilities for Competitive Success”. European Management Journal. 11(2): 139–149.

Ward, P.T., McCreery, J.K., dan Anand, G. 2007. “Business Strategies and Manufacturing Decisions: An Empirical Examination of Linkages”.

International Journal of Operations & Production Management. 27: 951–973.

West C.T., Schwenk C.R. 1996. “Top Management Team Strategic Consensus, Demographic homogeneity, and Firm Performance: A Report of Resounding Non-findings”. Strategic ManagementJournal. 17 (7): 571–576.

Wheelwright, S.C., dan Hayes, R.H. 1985. “Competing through Manufacturing”.

Harvard Business Review. 63(1): 99–109.

Wooldridge, B. dan Floyd, S.W. 1990. “The Strategy Process, Middle Management Involvement, and Organizational Performance”. Strategic Management Journal. 11(3): 231–241.

Wooldridge, B. dan Floyd, S.W. 1989. “Research Notes and Communications Strategic Process Effects on Consensus”. Strategic Management Journal.10(3): 295–302.

s

Bab 3

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

Atribut

Penyelarasan

Strategis

Sebatas pengetahuan penulis, hasil penelitian dan pembahasan mengenai penyelarasan strategis di perusahaan jasa sulit untuk ditemukan. Jadi, berdasarkan temuan dan teori yang dibahas pada bab sebelumnya, penulis menjelajahi atribut dari penyelarasan strategis di sektor tersebut. Sementara itu, untuk menyempurnakan penelitian Chenhall (2005), penyelarasan strategis manufaktur di perusahaan jasa, penulis juga meramalkan sebuah penyelarasan konsep strategis yang spesifik untuk sektor ini. Bagian berikut ini memberi atribut pelayanan penyelarasan strategis.

Operasional Fungsional dan Kaitan Misi Organisasi