DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Kadar anhidrogalakturonat

Agus Budiyanto dan Yulianingsih. 2008. Pengaruh Suhu dan Waktu Ekstraksi

Terhadap Karakter Pektin (Citrus Nobilis). Balai Besar Penelitian dan

Pengembangan Pasca Panen. Pertanian Bogor

Akhmaludin dan Arie Kurniawan. 2009. Pembuatan Pektin dari Kulit Coklat

dengan Cara Ekstraksi. Teknik Kimia. Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang.

Andreas, Benyamin, dan Tuti Emilia Agustina, 2012. Pengaruh Waktu,

Temperatur dan Jenis Pelarut Terhadap Ekstraksi Pektin dari Kulit Jeruk Bali (Citrus Maxima). Jurnal Teknik Kimia No. 4, Vol. 18, Desember 2012

Athika, Wignyanto dan Lailatul. 2009. Pelarut dan Lama Ekstraksi Terbaik

Dalam Pembuatan Pektin dari Limbah Buah Nangka (Jerami dan Kulit).

Skripsi. Universitas Brawijaya. Palembang

Dalimarta, S. 2008. Atlas Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia. Perpustakaan Nasional RI. Jakarta

Fitriani. 2003. Ekstraksi dan Karakteristik dari Kulit Jeruk Lemon (Citrus Medica Var Lemon). Skripsi. Jurusan Teknologi Industri

Fishman M. L., Chau H. K,. 2006. Chacarterization of Pectin. Flash-Extracted from Orange Albedo by Microwave Heating Under Preassure, Carbohydrate Research, 323, 126-138.

Food Chemical Codex. 1996. Pectins.

http//arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.bi.20.070151.0 00435. Diakses tanggal 14 Desember 2016.

Gliksman. 1969. Gum Technology in The Food Industry. Academic Press. Ney York

Hanum. 2012. Kondisi Optimum pada Hidrolisis Pektin dari Kulit Buah Pepaya. Jurnal Sistem Teknik Industri. Vol. 6, No. 3

Hasbullah. 2001. Teknologi Tepat Guna Agroindustri Kecil Sumatera Barat –

Pektin Jeruk. Jakarta : Dewan Ilmu Pengetahuan. Teknologi dan Industri

Sumatera Barat.

Hoejgaard S. 2004. Pectin Chemistry, Functionally, and Application. http://www.cpkelco.com/ptalk/ptalk.htm.

Kirk, R.E. and D.F. Othmer. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4 and 5. Interscience Publ. Co. Ney York

Kliemann, E., K.N. 2009. Optimisation of Pectin Acid Extraction from Passion

Fruit Peel Using Response Surface Methodology. International of Food

Science and Technology 44 : 476 – 483.

Larasati, D., Haslina dan Bambang Kunarto. 2013. Kajian Pemanfaatan Limbah

Biji Carica Dieng (Carica Candamarcensis Hok) Sebagai Alternatif Minyak Makan. Laporan Penelitian. Jurusan Teknologi Pertanian Universitas

Semarang.

Lenty dan Mimi Nurminah. 2014. Pengaruh Lama Ekstraksi Terhadap Mutu

Pektin Dari Kulit Durian. Skripsi. Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.

Mario. 2011. Khasiat dan Manfaat Belimbing Wuluh . Stomata. Surabaya

Masripah. 2009. Aktivitas Antibakteri dari Ekstraksi Etanol Daun Belimbing

Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn) TerhadapKultur Aktif Staphylococusaureus dan Escherichia coli. Skripsi. Jakarta. Universitas Negri Syarif Hidayatullah

Jakarta

National Research Development Corporation. 2004. High Grade Pectin from

Lime Peels. http://www.nrdcindia.com.

Nurviani, Bahri, S. dan Sumarni, N.K., 2014 Ekstraksi dan Karakteristik Pektin

Kulit Buah Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) Varietas Cibinong, Jinggo dan

Semangka. Online Jurnal of Natural Science. Vol. 3 (3) : 322 – 330.

Perina, Irene., Satiuriani, Felycia, dan Herman Hindarso. 2007. Ekstraksi Pektin

Dari Berbagai Macam Kulit Jeruk. Fakultas Teknik Jurusan Teknik Kimia

Universitas Widya Mandala. Surabaya

Prasetyowati, Karina dan Healty. 2009. Ekstraksi Pektin Dari Kulit Mangga. Jurnal Teknik Kimia, No. 4, Vol. 16, Desember 2009

Rukmana, R., 1996. Durian. Budidaya dan Pasca Panen. Kanisius. Yogyakarta. Setiadi. 1996. Bertanam Durian. Penabur Swadaya. Jakarta.

Subhadrabandhu. 2001. Under – Untilezed Tropical Fruits. Thailand

Sudarmadji, S., B. Haryono dan Suhardi. 1996. Prosedur Analisa untuk Bahan

Makanan dan Pertanian. Liberty Yogyakarta.

Untung, Onny. 2008. Durian Untuk Kebun Komersial dan Hobi. Penebur Swadaya. Jakarta.

Urip, Novel dan Yohandrik, 2007. Pektin dari Kulit Buah Pepaya. Skripsi. Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran, Jawa Timur.

Widyaningrum dan Musthofa Lutfi. 2014. Ekstraksi dan Karakteristik Pektin dari

Buah Pandan Laut. Universitas Brawijaya. Malang

Yosep Harso. 2015. Pengaruh Suhu Ekstraksi Terhadap Karakteristik Pektin

Lampiran 1. Analisa Data Rendemen Pektin Albedo Kulit Durian. Means

Rendemen * suhu Rendemen

suhu Mean N Std. Deviation

40º 2,122500 4 ,2876775

60º 2,170000 4 ,1029563

80º 2,547500 4 ,4707706

100º 1,732500 4 ,1129528 Total 2,143125 16 ,3929668 UNIANOVA RE BY perlakuan ulangan /METHOD=SSTYPE(3)

/INTERCEPT=INCLUDE

/POSTHOC=perlakuan ulangan(DUNCAN) /CRITERIA=ALPHA(0.05)

/DESIGN=perlakuan ulangan. Univariate Analysis of Variance

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Rendemen

Source

Type III Sum

of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Corrected Model ^1,592 a 6 ,265 3,296 ,053 Intercept 73,488 1 73,488 912,947 ,000 Perlakuan 1,333 3 ,444 5,520 ,020 Kelompok ,259 3 ,086 1,072 ,409 Error ,724 9 ,080 Total 75,804 16 Corrected Total 2,316 15

54 Post Hoc Tests

suhu Homogeneous Subsets Rendemen Duncan^a,b Suhu N Subset 1 2 100º 4 1,732500 40º 4 2,122500 2,122500 60º 4 2,170000 2,170000 80º 4 2,547500 Sig. ,066 ,073

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

Based on observed means.

The error term is Mean Square(Error) = ,080.

a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 4,000.

Lampiran 2. Analisa Data Kadar Air Pektin Albedo Kulit Durian Means

Kadar Air * Suhu Kadar Air Suhu Mean N Std. Deviation 40º 18,3125 4 1,43433 60º 16,4375 4 2,16386 80º 15,9375 4 ,87500 100º 15,6250 4 ,47871 Total 16,5781 16 1,64499

Univariate Analysis of Variance UNIANOVA KB BY perlakuan /METHOD=SSTYPE(3) /INTERCEPT=INCLUDE /POSTHOC=perlakuan (DUNCAN) /CRITERIA=ALPHA(0.05) /DESIGN=perlakuan

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Kadar Air

Source

Type III Sum

of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Corrected Model ^21,992 a 6 3,665 1,774 ,211 Intercept 4397,348 1 4397,348 2128,017 ,000 Perlakuan 17,387 3 5,796 2,805 ,101 Kelompok 4,605 3 1,535 ,743 ,553 Error 18,598 9 2,066 Total 4437,938 16 Corrected Total 40,590 15 a. R Squared = ,542 (Adjusted R Squared = ,236)

56 Post Hoc Tests

suhu Homogeneous Subsets Rendemen Kadar Air Duncan^a,b Suhu N Subset 1 2 100º 4 15,6250 80º 4 15,9375 15,9375 60º 4 16,4375 16,4375 40º 4 18,3125 Sig. ,464 ,052

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

Based on observed means.

The error term is Mean Square(Error) = 2,066.

a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 4,000.

Lampiran 3. Analisis Data Kadar Abu Pektin Albedo Kulit Durian Means

Kadar Abu * suhu Kadar Abu

Suhu Mean N Std. Deviation

40º 4,4150 4 ,21932 60º 4,3750 4 ,35114 80º 3,4050 4 ,49379 100º 3,5625 4 ,73609 Total 3,9394 16 ,64526 UNIANOVA KB BY perlakuan /METHOD=SSTYPE(3) /INTERCEPT=INCLUDE /POSTHOC=perlakuan (DUNCAN) /CRITERIA=ALPHA(0.05) /DESIGN=perlakuan

Univariate Analysis of Variance Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Kadar Abu

Source

Type III Sum

of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Corrected Model ^3,520 a 6 ,587 1,937 ,179 Intercept 248,299 1 248,299 819,842 ,000 Perlakuan 3,374 3 1,125 3,714 ,055 Kelompok ,145 3 ,048 ,160 ,921 Error 2,726 9 ,303 Total 254,544 16 Corrected Total 6,245 15

58 Post Hoc Tests

suhu Homogeneous Subsets Kadar Abu Duncan^a,b suhu N Subset 1 2 80º 4 3,4050 100º 4 3,5625 3,5625 60º 4 4,3750 40º 4 4,4150 Sig. ,695 ,065

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

Based on observed means.

The error term is Mean Square(Error) = ,303.

a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 4,000.

Lampiran 4. Analisis Data Kadar Metoksil Pektin Albedo Kulit Durian Means

Metoksil * suhu Metoksil

Suhu Mean N Std. Deviation

40º 8,381000 4 1,6683047

60º 9,813750 4 ,0655407

80º 10,649000 4 ,1222047 100º 9,094750 4 1,0742943 Total 9,484625 16 1,2438132

UNIANOVA ME BY perlakuan ulangan /METHOD=SSTYPE(3)

/INTERCEPT=INCLUDE

/POSTHOC=perlakuan ulangan(DUNCAN) /CRITERIA=ALPHA(0.05)

/DESIGN=perlakuan ulangan. Univariate Analysis of Variance Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Metoksil

Source

Type III Sum

of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Corrected Model ^14,898 a 6 2,483 2,690 ,088 Intercept 1439,330 1 1439,330 1559,277 ,000 Perlakuan 11,336 3 3,779 4,094 ,043 Kelompok 3,562 3 1,187 1,286 ,337 Error 8,308 9 ,923 Total 1462,536 16 Corrected Total 23,206 15

60 Post Hoc Tests

suhu Homogeneous Subsets Metoksil Duncan^a,b suhu N Subset 1 2 40º 4 8,381000 100º 4 9,094750 9,094750 60º 4 9,813750 9,813750 80º 4 10,649000 Sig. ,074 ,056

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

Based on observed means.

The error term is Mean Square(Error) = ,923.

a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 4,000.

Lampiran 5. Analisis Data Kadar Anhidrogalakturonat Pektin Albedo Kulit Durian

Means

AnhidroGalakturonat * suhu AnhidroGalakturonat

Suhu Mean N Std. Deviation

40º 80,7125 4 1,83322

60º 79,2150 4 6,63989

80º 89,4150 4 6,22897

100º 76,9250 4 1,81818 Total 81,5669 16 6,46152

UNIANOVA AG BY perlakuan ulangan /METHOD=SSTYPE(3)

/INTERCEPT=INCLUDE

/POSTHOC=perlakuan ulangan(DUNCAN) /CRITERIA=ALPHA(0.05)

/DESIGN=perlakuan ulangan. Univariate Analysis of Variance

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Dependent Variable: AnhidroGalakturonat

Source

Type III Sum

of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Corrected Model ^419,195 a 6 69,866 3,037 ,066 Intercept 106450,482 1 106450,482 4626,627 ,000 Perlakuan 357,605 3 119,202 5,181 ,024 Kelompok 61,590 3 20,530 ,892 ,482 Error 207,074 9 23,008 Total 107076,751 16 Corrected Total 626,269 15

62 Post Hoc Tests

suhu Homogeneous Subsets AnhidroGalakturonat Duncan^a,b Suhu N Subset 1 2 100º 4 76,9250 60º 4 79,2150 40º 4 80,7125 80º 4 89,4150 Sig. ,313 1,000

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.

Based on observed means.

The error term is Mean Square(Error) = 23,008.

a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 4,000.

Lampiran 6. Dokumentasi Penelitian (Pembuatan Larutan Belimbing Wuluh pH( 2-3))

Dalam dokumen USM. Skripsi. Diajukan untuk memenuhi sebagai persyaratan dalam mencapai gelar sarjana S-1. Program Studi S-1. Teknologi Hasil Pertanian (Halaman 61-77)