DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Data Lapangan

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Agardi M. T. 1994. Advances in marine conservation: the role of marine protected areas. Trends Ecol Evol 9 : 267–270.

Aronson R. B. dan W. F. Precht. 1995. Landscape Patterns of Reef Coral Diversity : a Test of The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 192 : 1-14.

Beck M. W. 1998. Comparison of The Measurement and Effect of Habitat Structure on Gastropoda in Rocky Intertidal and Mangrove Habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 169 : 165-178.

Chabanet P., M. Adjeroud, S. Andréfouët, Y-M. Bozec, J. Ferraris, M. Schrimm, dan J-A. Garcìa-Charton. 2005. Human-induced Physical Disturbances and Their Indicators on Coral Reef Habitats: A multi-scale Approach. Aquat Living Resour 18 : 215-230.

Clark J. R. 1996. Coastal Zone Management Handbook. Lewis Publishers. Boston. 694 h.

Claydon J. 2004. Spawning Aggregations of Coral Reef Fishes : Characteristics, Hypotheses, Threats and Management. Department of Marine Biology, James Cook University. Townsville. Australia. 37 h

Colin P. L., Y. J. Sadovy, dan M. L. Domeier. 2003. Manual for the Study and Conservation of Reef Fish Spawning Agregations. Society for the Conservation of Reef Fish Spawning Agregations Special Publication No. 1 (Version 1.0). SCRFA. Koror. Palau. 111 h.

Connell J. H. 1997. Disturbance and Recovery of Coral Assemblages. Coral Reefs 16 : S101-S113.

Connell J. H., T. P. Hughes, dan C. C. Wallace. 1997. A 30-Year Study of Coral Abundance, Recruitment, and Disturbance at Several Scales in Space and Time. Ecological Monographs 67 : 461-488.

Cooper T., J. Gilmour, dan K. Fabricius. 2009. Bioindicators of Changes in Water Quality on Coral Reefs : Review and Recommendations for Monitoring Programmes. Coral Reefs. 28 : 589-606.

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Dahuri R. 2003. Paradigma Baru Pembangunan Indonesia Berbasis Kelautan. Orasi ilmiah. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor. 242 h.

Domeier M. L. P. L. Colin, T. J. Donaldson, W. D. Heyman, J. S. Pet, M. Russel, Y. Sadovy, M. A. Samoilys, A. Smith, B. M. Yeeting, dan S. Smith. 2002. Transforming Coral Reef Conservation : Reef Fish Spawning Agregations Component. Working Group Report. The Nature Conservacy. Koror. Palau. 85 h.

Effendi H. 2003. Telaah Kualitas Air bagi Pengelolaan Sumberdaya dan Lingkungan Perairan. Kanisius. Yogyakarta. 259 h.

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Estradivari, E. Setiawan, dan S. Yusri. (eds). 2009. Terumbu Karang Jakarta : Pengamatan Jangka Panjang Terumbu Karang Kepulauan Seribu (2003-2007). Yayasan TERANGI. Jakarta. Indonesia. 110 h.

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Communities on an Exposed Shoreline in Hawaii. Evirontmental Biology of Fishes. 53 : 1-16.

Fuad M. A. Z. 2010. Coral Reef Rugosity and Coral Biodiversity.

International Institute for Goe-Information Science and Earth Observation Enschede The Netherlands. Enschede. 65 h.

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Recreational Diving on Reef Corals at Eilat, Northern Red Sea. Biological Conservation 105 : 179-187.

Lampiran 1. Data penutupan substrat hasil pengamatan lapang kedalaman 3 meter

Kode

lifeform

Penutupan lifeform di tiap stasiun penelitian (%)

SPG BPG TPG APL KBL TJP UPR AIR KCK PAY

ACB 38.44 1.24 0.88 0.00 19.64 10.40 1.60 0.40 0.00 4.60 ACS 0.00 0.72 0.00 0.00 2.84 1.36 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.00 ACD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ACT 0.00 9.44 0.68 1.28 0.00 9.96 0.60 9.32 0.00 13.50 CB 2.56 7.96 0.00 4.16 3.36 3.92 2.72 3.64 7.52 12.40 CD 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 CE 0.00 8.20 0.00 0.52 2.08 0.44 0.20 1.00 3.76 0.00 CF 4.84 1.92 2.92 11.64 0.32 3.60 0.00 0.52 4.52 3.10 CME 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.20 6.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 CSM 1.08 15.88 1.56 0.00 6.76 1.40 0.96 4.28 0.00 0.72 CMR 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.00 CM 2.68 6.88 12.00 1.00 5.56 10.04 12.52 2.64 20.88 3.28 SC 1.96 0.00 0.00 2.20 5.48 3.40 0.00 0.00 1.72 0.94 SP 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 1.76 MA 5.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OT 1.88 3.60 18.56 9.92 5.84 1.24 0.00 0.00 1.16 0.14 Rck 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 31.70 Rb 0.72 4.56 24.48 49.32 2.32 12.00 54.88 30.88 33.36 16.00 S 0.00 1.12 3.68 0.00 0.00 2.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.66 DCA 40.20 38.04 35.24 19.16 44.12 33.00 26.52 46.96 26.36 8.20 Rugositas 0.75 0.71 0.78 0.79 0.83 0.77 0.75 0.84 0.85 0.68 IMK 0.45 0.45 0.77 0.78 0.53 0.48 0.81 0.79 0.61 0.39 Keterangan:

Kode lifeform: ACB= Acropora branching; ACS= Acropora submassive; ACD= …; DCA= dead coral with algae. (Tabel 2)

IMK= Indeks Mortalitas Karang

Nama stasiun: SPG= Selatan Panggang; TJP= Tanjung Penyu; BPG= Barat Panggang; UPR= Utara Pramuka; TPG=Timur Panggang; AIR= Pulau Air; APL= Area Perlindungan Laut Kelurahan Pulau Panggang; KCK= Karang Congkak; KBL= Karang Balik Layar; PAY= Pulau Payung

Lampiran 2. Data penutupan substrat hasil pengamatan lapang kedalaman 8 meter

Kode

lifeform

Penutupan lifeform di tiap stasiun penelitian (%)

SPG BPG TPG APL KBL TJP UPR AIR KCK PAY

ACB 4.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 4.60 ACS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ACD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ACT 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.50 CB 3.60 3.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.00 1.80 12.40 CD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 CE 0.00 0.32 4.24 0.00 6.60 7.80 0.00 3.60 3.32 0.00 CF 0.88 1.48 0.56 0.96 6.80 6.88 0.00 8.28 7.96 3.10 CME 0.00 0.00 3.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 CSM 3.52 0.00 1.28 0.00 0.72 1.32 2.24 0.00 0.00 0.72 CMR 1.04 0.48 0.40 0.52 0.72 0.56 0.00 4.24 2.44 0.00 CM 0.32 10.56 7.60 1.84 9.60 11.84 2.04 0.10 4.24 3.28 SC 22.08 3.44 0.68 2.08 3.72 3.12 0.00 5.16 0.52 0.94 SP 0.00 0.00 1.72 9.60 2.92 0.48 0.00 1.08 0.16 1.76 MA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.48 0.00 0.00 17.40 0.00 0.00 OT 10.80 0.00 0.00 5.44 1.92 5.20 0.00 0.64 0.00 0.14 Rck 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 31.70 Rb 0.32 17.20 19.72 70.24 16.20 5.00 95.72 53.56 44.84 16.00 S 21.76 16.68 25.88 0.00 18.00 4.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.66 DCA 30.76 45.16 34.28 9.32 29.32 52.32 0.00 5.88 34.72 8.20 Rugositas 0.79 0.61 0.65 0.56 0.49 0.8 0.88 0.76 0.68 0.68 IMK 0.69 0.78 0.75 0.96 0.65 0.66 0.96 0.79 0.80 0.39 Keterangan:

Kode lifeform: ACB= Acropora branching; ACS= Acropora submassive; ACD= …; DCA= dead coral with algae. (Tabel 2)

IMK= Indeks Mortalitas Karang

Lampiran 3. Hasil analisis program XLSTAT 2012.3.01 untuk kedalaman 3 meter

XLSTAT 2012.3.01 - Agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) - on 11/05/2012 at 4:05:50 Proximity matrix: Workbook =

Book6 / Sheet = Sheet1 / Range = Sheet1!$A$1:$K$11 / 10 rows and 10 columns Cluster columns

Agglomeration method: Unweighted pair-group average Truncation: Automatic

Node statistics:

Node Level Weight Objects Left son

19 0,452 10 10 18 18 0,446 9 9 16 17 0,379 7 7 4 16 0,362 2 2 1 15 0,353 6 6 2 14 0,306 5 5 12 13 0,284 3 3 11 12 0,274 2 2 5 11 0,182 2 2 7

Variance decomposition for the optimal classification:

Absolute Percent Within-class 0,125 61,51% Between-classes 0,078 38,49% Total 0,203 100,00% Results by class: Class 1 2 3 4 Objects 2 6 1 1 Sum of weights 2 6 1 1 Within-class variance 0,149 0,120 0,000 0,000 Minimum distance to centroid 0,273 0,242 0,000 0,000 Average distance to centroid 0,273 0,312 0,000 0,000 Maximum distance to centroid 0,273 0,396 0,000 0,000 SPG; TPG ^{BPG; KBL; TJP;}

Lampiran 4. Hasil analisis program XLSTAT 2012.3.01 untuk kedalaman 8 meter

XLSTAT 2012.3.01 - Agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) - on 11/05/2012 at 5:00:24 Proximity matrix: Workbook =

Book2 / Sheet = Sheet1 / Range = Sheet1!$A$1:$K$11 / 10 rows and 10 columns Cluster rows

Agglomeration method: Unweighted pair-group average Truncation: Automatic

Node statistics:

Node Level Weight Objects Left son

19 0,465 10 10 18 18 0,451 9 9 17 17 0,395 2 2 1 16 0,334 7 7 14 15 0,322 5 5 2 14 0,286 2 2 4 13 0,280 4 4 11 12 0,219 2 2 8 11 0,193 2 2 5

Variance decomposition for the optimal classification:

Absolute Percent Within-class 0,119 57,04% Between-classes 0,090 42,96% Total 0,209 100,00% Results by class: Class 1 2 3 4 Objects 1 7 1 1 Sum of weights 1 7 1 1 Within-class variance 0,000 0,119 0,000 0,000 Minimum distance to centroid ^0,000 ^0,240 ^0,000 ^0,000 Average distance to centroid ^0,000 ^0,316 ^0,000 ^0,000 Maximum distance to centroid ^0,000 ^0,404 ^0,000 ^0,000 SPG ^{BPG; APL; KBL; TJP;}

Lampiran 5. Matriks data program XLSTAT 2012.3.01 untuk kedalaman 3 meter

SPG BPG TPG APL KBL TJP UPR AIR KCK PAY

SPG 0 0,451759 0,36192 0,533211 0,425258 0,453802 0,434427 0,472756 0,411625 0,461652 BPG 0,451759 0 0,423792 0,481845 0,377627 0,320807 0,365295 0,304443 0,397535 0,375218 TPG 0,36192 0,423792 0 0,460821 0,537753 0,426358 0,337278 0,413855 0,462327 0,474118 APL 0,533211 0,481845 0,460821 0 0,429309 0,400733 0,325739 0,342379 0,293535 0,544164 KBL 0,425258 0,377627 0,537753 0,429309 0 0,273631 0,331705 0,281444 0,33269 0,549154 TJP 0,453802 0,320807 0,426358 0,400733 0,273631 0 0,299487 0,279427 0,31117 0,389068 UPR 0,434427 0,365295 0,337278 0,325739 0,331705 0,299487 0 0,181793 0,274285 0,407404 AIR 0,472756 0,304443 0,413855 0,342379 0,281444 0,279427 0,181793 0 0,294547 0,421638 KCK 0,411625 0,397535 0,462327 0,293535 0,33269 0,31117 0,274285 0,294547 0 0,445116 PAY 0,461652 0,375218 0,474118 0,544164 0,549154 0,389068 0,407404 0,421638 0,445116 0

Lampiran 6. Matriks data program XLSTAT 2012.3.01 kedalaman 8 meter

SPG BPG TPG APL KBL TJP UPR AIR KCK PAY

SPG 0 0,363053 0,394802 0,521555 0,495242 0,483253 0,481671 0,552856 0,480166 0,489104 BPG 0,363053 0 0,398817 0,389284 0,318125 0,282256 0,374351 0,412037 0,276185 0,351116 TPG 0,394802 0,398817 0 0,435069 0,362131 0,415304 0,446545 0,48562 0,396444 0,524109 APL 0,521555 0,389284 0,435069 0 0,329056 0,352818 0,286039 0,306152 0,303263 0,505336 KBL 0,495242 0,318125 0,362131 0,329056 0 0,193484 0,358484 0,245367 0,276499 0,457005 TJP 0,483253 0,282256 0,415304 0,352818 0,193484 0 0,351354 0,323035 0,276766 0,442812 UPR 0,481671 0,374351 0,446545 0,286039 0,358484 0,351354 0 0,328505 0,249327 0,451806 AIR 0,552856 0,412037 0,48562 0,306152 0,245367 0,323035 0,328505 0 0,218538 0,515115 KCK 0,480166 0,276185 0,396444 0,303263 0,276499 0,276766 0,249327 0,218538 0 0,448136 PAY 0,489104 0,351116 0,524109 0,505336 0,457005 0,442812 0,451806 0,515115 0,448136 0

Lampiran 7. Daftar spesies ikan terumbu yang menunjukkan tanda pemijahan

Famili Spesies Gambar

Caesionidae

Caesio teres

Pterocaesio lativittata

Pterocaesio tesselata

Centriscidae Aeoliscus strigatus

Famili Spesies Gambar Chaetodon bennetti Chaetodontidae Chaetodon ocellicaudus Chaetodon interruptus Chaetodon adiergastos

Echeneidae Echeneis naucrates

Famili Spesies Gambar

Platax teira

Labridae Thalassoma lunare

Lutjanidae Plectropomus maculatus Lutjanus decussatus Pomacentridae Dischistodus prosopotaenia Pomacanthus annularis

Famili Spesies Gambar Pomacanthus sexstriatus Neopomacentrus cyanomos Scaridae Chlorurus strongycephalus Scarus chameleon

Scorpaenidae Pterois volitans

Famili Spesies Gambar Epinephelusquoyanus Cephalopholis argus Cephalopholis boenak Epinephelus tukula Siganidae Siganus canaliculatus Siganus vermiculatus

Famili Spesies Gambar

Syngnathidae ^Doryrhamphus

dactyliophorus

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