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Lampiran 1
Tabel US Paten mengenai penggunaan kitosan sebagai absorben
No No patent Inventor Tahun Judul patent
1 4,895,724 Cardinal;John R. (Old Lyme, CT); Curatolo; William J. (Old Lyme, CT); Ebert; Charumput lautes(Brewster, NY) 1985 Chitosan composition for controlled and prolonged release of macromolecules 2 6,800,789 Kasai; Takao (Haga-gun, JP);
Kondo; Megumi (Haga-gun, JP); Sato; Noriko (Haga-gun, JP); Matsui; Manabu (Haga-gun, JP)
2001 Absorbent article
3 6,786,336 Boddu;Veera M. (Champaign, IL); Smith;Edgar Dean
(Seymour, IL)
2003 Composite biosorbent for treatment for waste aqueous system(s) containing heavy metals
4 6,753,179 Tsuciya; Akihito (Shiga-ken, JP) 2000 Method for purification treatment of environmental pollutants 5 5,993,668 Duan; Hailing (Allendele, NJ) 1997 Methode for
removing metal ions and/or complexes containing metal ions for a solution 6 6,465,521 Rosenberg; Melvyt
(Ramat-Gan, IL) 1994 Composition for desorbing bacteria 7 6,599,290 Nakatani; Masaru(Kobe, JP); Furuyoshi; Shigeo(Kobe, JP); Takata; Satoshi(Takasgo, JP) 1997 Methode for removing a chemokine 8 5,516,569 Veith;Michael W.(Oshkosh,WI);Abuto;Francis P.(Alpharetta,GA);Werner;Edw ard E.(Oshkosh,WI);Wisneski;Anth ony J.(Kimberumput lauty,WI)
1993 High absorbency composite 9 5,750,065 Kilbane,II;John J. (Woodstock,IL) 1993 Adsorption of PCB’s using biosorbents
Lampiran 1 (lanjutan)
Lanjutan tabel US Paten mengenai penggunaan kitosan sebagai absorben 10 5,789,204 Kogtev;Leonid Semionovich (Moscow,RU);Park;Jin Kyu (Seoul,KR);Pyo;Jin Kyuk (Seoul,KR);Mo;Young Keun (Chungbook,KR) 1996 Biosorbent for heavy metals prepared from biomass 11 4,651,725 Kifune;Koji (Nara,JP);Yamaguchi;Yasuhiko (Kyoto,JP)Tanae;Hiroyuki (Kyoto,JP) 1986 Wound dressing 12 5,051,293 Mayer;Jean M. (Smithfield,RI);Kaplan;David L. (Stow,MA) 1989 Method of forming a crosslinked chitosan polymer and product thereof 13 6,833,487 Pesce; Antonella (Pescara, IT);
Tordone; Adelia Alessandra (Pescara, IT); Carumput lautucci; Giovanni (Chieti,IT); Di Cintio; Achille (Pescara,IT)
2002 Articles compirising a cationic polysaccharide and silica 14 6,844,430 Pesce;Antonella (Pescara,IT);Tordone; Adelia Alessandra (Pescara,IT); Carumput lautucci; Giovanni (Chieti,IT); Di Cintio; Achille (Pescara,IT) 2002 Articles compirising cationic polysaccharides and acidic pH buffering means
15 5,110,733 Kim; Chan W. (Cambridge, MA); Robinson; Elizabeth M. (Cambridge, MA);Rha; Chokyun (Boston, MA)
1989 Liquid-liquid extraction with particulate polymer adsorbent
16 4,971,698 Weber; Alfred (Berumput lautin, DE); Klages; Uwe (Berumput lautin, DE); Donner; Cristoph (Berumput lautin, DE)
1989 Process for wastewater puritfication
17 4,424,346 Hall; Laurance D. (Vancouver, Ca); Yalpani; Mansur
(Vancouver, CA)
1981 Derivative of chitins, chitosans and other
Lampiran 2 Hasil analisis karotenoid terabsorbsi
Konsentrasi
kitosan Absorbansi Rata-rata Standar deviasi
Konsentrasi karotenoid 0,1 0,0860 0,0861 0,0001 ±9,11 mg 0,0862 0,2 0,9770 0,0972 0,0085 ±10,2 mg 0,9650 0,3 0,1224 0,1224 0,0000 ±12,5 mg 0,1224 0,4 0,1401 0,1402 0,0001 ±17,4 mg 0,1403 0,5 0,1639 0,1642 0,0004 ±20,1 mg 0,1645 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Konsentrasi Kitosan A b s o r b s i E k s tr a k W o r te l C β karotin (mg) Absorben 10 0,0925 20 0,1592 30 0,2130 40 0,2644 0.861±0.0001 0.0972±0.0085 0.1224±0.000 0.1402±0.0001 0.1642±0.0004
Lampiran 3 Komposisi Kimia Buffer Pospat
Metoda Pembuatan Buffer Posfat pH7
Buffer Posfat dibuat melalui pencampuran larutan A dan Larutan B, masing-masing larutan terdiri dari komposisi sebgai berikut :
Larutan A
Penimbangan : Na2HPO42H2O sejumlah 17.799 gram dimasukan kedalam labu takar 1 liter dan dilarutkan dengan akuades serta dihomogenkan kemudian dijadikan 1 liter.
Larutan B
Penimbangan : NaH2PO42H2O sejumlah 15.601 gram dimasukan kedalam labu takar 1 liter dan dilarutkan dengan akuades serta dihomogenkan kemudian dijadikan 1 liter.
Campurkan 61.1 ml larutan A dengan 38.9 ml larutan B, menjadi 100 ml buffer posfat pH 7 yang siap digunakan.
Lampiran 8 Hasil Analisis Spektrofotometer dari FeSO4
a. Tabel standar FeSO4
Lampiran 9 Hasil Analisis Spektrofotometer dari CuSO4
a. Tabel dan kurva standar CuSO4
Lampiran 10 Hasil Analisis Spektrofotometer dari Pb asetat
b) Tabel dan kurva baku Pb asetat
Lampiran 11 Hasil Analisis Spektrofotometer dari E coli
a) Tabel dan kurva standar E coli
b) Histogram absorbsi E coli oleh kitosan Konsentrasi E coli Absorbansi
0,10 1,10 0,20 1,45 0,30 1,52 0,40 2,11 0,50 2,48 Konsentrasi kitosan Absorbansi 0,05 0,85 0,10 0,96 0,20 0,10 0,30 0,11 0,40 0,12 0,50 0,12
Lampiran 12 Struktur karagenan dan typical bend dari karagenan
Lampiran 14 Diagram alir proses produksi kitosan dengan sistem zero waste
Kulit udang
Pencucian
Ekstraksi Ekstrak FLAVOUR
Demineralisasi HCl 1 N, 90 0 C, 1 Jam KALSIUM (Presifitasi) Netralisasi Deproteinisasi NaOH 3 N, 90 0C, 1 Jam Netralisasi KITIN Deasetilasi NaOH 50%, 140 0C, 1 Jam KITOSAN