• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

6 SIMPULAN UMUM DAN SARAN Simpulan Umum

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Adnan M. 1997. Teknik Kromatografi untuk Analisis Bahan Makanan. Yogyakarta (ID): Penerbit Andi.

Arifudin, Patong R, Ahmad A. 2001. Penelusuran protein bioaktif dalam makroalga sebagai bahan antibakteri dan antijamur. Mar. Chim Acta. 2(2): 11-18.

Anand TP, Chellaram C, Kuberan G, Archana H. 2012. Bioactive peptides from marine sources-a review. IJID. 1(S8): 61-64.

Atalla MM, Zeinab HK, Eman RH, Amani AY, Abeer AA. 2008. Production of some biologically active secondary metabolites from marine-derived fungus

Varicosporina ramulosa. Mal. J. Microbiol. 4(1): 14-24.

[BPPK] Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. 2008. Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS) 2007. Jakarta (ID): Depatemen Kesehatan.

Bharathidasan R and Panneerselvam A. 2011. Antibacterial activity and bioactive compounds analysis of mangrove endophytic fungi Penicillium janthinellum, Aspergillus conicus and Phomosis sp. IJPRD. 4(04): 159-168. [CCRC] Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center. 2009. Uji Sitotoksik Metode

MTT. Yogyakarta (ID): Universitas Gajah Mada.

Chasanah E, Pratitis A, Mangunwardoyo W. 2012. Identification and cultivation of MFW 23-08 isolated from marine sponges for bioactive compound production. Squalen. 7(2): 59-66.

Dwipiyono B. 2009. Kebijakan pengendalian penyakit kanker (serviks) di Indonesia. Indones J Cancer. 3(3): 109-116.

Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. 2010. GLOBOCAN 2008, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 10. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer [Internet]. [diunduh Jun 11 2012]. Tersedia pada: http://www.globocan.iarc.fr.

Gandjar I, Sjamsuridzal W, dan Oetari A. 2006. Mikologi Dasar dan Terapan. Jakarta (ID): Penerbit Obor.

Gomes A, Bhattacarjee P, Mishra R, Biswas AK, Dasgupta SC, Giri B, Debnath A, Gupta SD, Das T, Gomes A. 2010. Anticancer potential of animal venoms and toxins. Indian J EXP BIOL. 48: 93-103.

Haghbeen K, Jazi FR, Karkhane AA, Borojerdi SS. 2004. Purification of tyrosinase from edible mushroom. Iran J Biotechnol. 3(2): 189-194.

Haglund C. 2011. Integrating efficacy and toxicity in preclinical anticancer drug development [disertasi]. Uppsala (SE): Uppsala University.

Handajani NS dan Purwoko T. 2008. Aktivitas ekstrak rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galangal) terhadap pertumbuhan jamur Aspergillus spp. penghasil aflatoksin dan Fusarium moniliforme. Biodiversitas. 9(3): 161-164.

Hoskin DW dan Ramamoorthy A. 2008. Studies on anticancer activities og antimicrobial peptides. BBA. 1778: 357-375.

Huang SW, Wang KJ, Yang M, Cai JJ, Li SJ, Wang GZ. 2006. Purification and part characterization of a novel antibacterial protein Scygonadin, isolated from the seminal plasma of mud crab, Scylla serrata (Forskål, 1775). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 339: 37–42.

Ivanova I, Miteva V, Stefanova T, Pantev A, Budakov I, Danova A, Moncheva P, Nikolova I, Dousset X, Boyaval P. 1998. Characterization of a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus thermophilus 81. Int J Food Microbiol. 42: 147-158.

Jin L, Yuan D, Wang Y, Jiang C, Wang Z, Zhao Q, Wang Q. 2013. Expression of antimicrobial peptide dybowskin-2CAMA in Pichia pastoris and characterization of its antibacterial activity. Adv. J. Food Sci. Technol. 5(8): 1005-1010.

Jingjing H, Chunhua L, Xiaoming Q, Yaojian H, Zhonghui Z, Yuemao S. 2011. Effect of salinity on the growth, biology activity anf secondary matabolites of some marine fungi. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 30(3): 118-123. doi: 10.1007/a13131.011.0.126.3.

Jouncey K dan Ross B. 1982. A Guide to Tillapia Feed and Feeding. Stirling (GB): Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling.

Khan A, Rahman M, Islam S. 2007. Antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of tuberous roots of Amorphophallus campanulatus. Turk J Biol. 31: 162-172.

Kim SK dan Ravichandran YD. 2010. Biological Activity of Peptides Derived from Marine Organisms. Gupta VK, editor. Texas (US): Studium Press, LLC.

Kwong JC, Crowcroft NS, Campitelli MA, Ratnasingham S, Daneman N, Deeks SL, Manuel DG. 2010. Ontario Burden of Infections Desease Study. Toronto (CA): Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion (OAHPP) and Institute for Clinical Evaluative Science (ICES).

Laemmli UK. 1970. Cleavage of Structural Proteins during the Assembly of the Head of Bacteriophage T4. Nature. 227: 680-685. doi: 10.1038/227680a0. Lay WB. 1994. Microbes Analysis in Laboratory. Jakarta (ID): Raja Grafindo

Persada.

Lehninger AL. 1993. Dasar-dasar Biokimia Jilid I. M. Thenawidjaja, penerjemah. Jakarta (ID): Erlangga. Terjemahan dari: Principle of Biochemistry.

Malik H, Sur B, Singhar N, Bihari V. 2008. Antimicrobial protein from

Streptomyces fulvissimus inhibitory to metichilin resistant Staphylacoccus aureus. Indian J Exp Biol. 46: 254-257.

Maliya A. 2004. Perubahan sel menjadi kanker dari sudut pandang biologi molekuler. Infokes. 8(1).

Mattjik AA dan Sumertajaya IM. 2002. Perancangan Percobaan dengan Aplikasi SAS dan Minitab. Bogor (ID): IPB Press.

Miao L, Kwong TFN, Qian PY. 2006. Effect of culture conditions on mycelial growth, antibacterial activity, and metabolite profiles of the marine-derived fungus Arthrinium c.f. Saccharicola. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 72. 1063-1073. doi: 10.1007/s00253-006-0376-8.

Minn I, Kim SH, Kim SC. 1998. Antimicrobial peptides derived from pepsinogens in the stomach of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1407: 31-39.

Mukhtar S dan Ghori I. 2012. Antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of garlic, cinnamon and turmeric against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Bacillus subtilis DSM 3256. IJABPT. 3(2): 131-136.

Nursid M, Pratitis A, Chasanah E. 2010. Kultivasi kapang MFW-01-08 yang diisolasi dari ascidia Aolidium longithorax dan uji aktivitas sitotoksiknya terhadap sel kanker payudara T47D. JPBP. 5(2): 103-110.

Nursid M, Chasanah E, Murwantoko, Wahyuono S. 2011. Isolation and identification of emestrin from Emericella nidulans and investigation of its anticancer properties. Microbiol Indones. 5(4): 160-169. doi: 10.5454/mi.5.4.3.

Omar WHHW, Ariffin SHZ, Ariffin ZZ, Safian MF, Senafi S, Wahab RHA. Penyaringan antikanser ekstrak ektrak etanol darpada famili piperceae terpilih dan penentuannya melalui pewarnaan tripan biru. Sains Malays. 39(6):941-949.

Park BT, Na KH, Jung EC, Park JW, Kim HH. 2009. Antifungal and anticancer of a protein from the mushroom Cordyceps militaris. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 13: 49-54.

PIERCE. 2003. Instruction BCATM Protein Assay Kit. Rockford (US): Pierce Biotechnology Inc.

Poedjiadi A. 1994. Dasar-dasar Biokimia. Jakarta (ID): UI-Press.

Ratnakomala S. Purifikasi dan karakterisasi protein inhibitor RNA helikase

Japanese Encephatilis Virus dari Streptomyces chatreusis 5-095 [tesis]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Rodgers JD dan Ju YM. 1992. Hypoxylon rectangulosporum sp. Nov., Xylaria

psidii sp. Nov., and comments on taxa of Podosordaria and

Stromatoneurospora. Mycologia. 84(2): 166-172.

Rodrigues EG, Dobroff AS, Taborda CP, Travassos LR. 2009. Antifungal and antitumor models of bioactive protective peptides. An Acad Bras Cienc.

81(3): 503-520.

Rosenberg IM. 1996. Protein analysis and Purification : Benchtop technique. Boston (US): Birkhauser.

Samuel P, Prince L, Prabakaran P. 2011. Antibacterial activity of marine derived fungi collected from south east coast of Tamilnadu, India. J. Microbiol. Biotech. Rest. 1(4): 86-94.

Scopes RB. 1994. Protein Purification Principles and Practice Third Edition. New York (US): Springer-Verlag.

Selim KA, El-beih AA, Abdel-rahman TM, El-diwany AI. 2012. Biology of endophytic fungi. Curr Res Env Appl Mycol. 2(1): 31-82. doi: 10.5943/cream/2/1/3.

Soemiati A. 2009. Mikroba Endofit : Solusi Bahan Baku Obat yang Murah dan Ramah Lingkungan. Jakarta(ID): Universitas Indonesia.

Song Y, Wang J, Huang H, Ma L, Wang J, Gu Y, Liu L, Lin Y. 2012. Four eremophilane sesquiterpenes from mangrove endhophytic fungus

Xylaria sp. BL.321. Mar. Drugs. 10: 340-348. doi: 10.3390/md10020340. Tarman K. 2011. Biological and chemical investigations of indonesian

marine-derived fungi and their secondary metabolites [disertasi]. Greifswald (DE): Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald.

Tarman K, Lindequist U, Wende K, Porzel A, Arnold N, Wessjohan LA. 2011. Isolation of a new natural product and cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of extracts from fungi of Indonesian marine habits. Mar. Drugs. 9: 294-306. doi: 10.3390/md9030294.

Tarman K, Mustopa AZ, Safithri M. 2012. Antibacterial and cytotoxic avtivities of an algicolous Xylaria psidii KT30. Di dalam: Setyahadi S, Amar A, Nikmatullah A, Malik A, Hermansyah H, Gozan M, Sahlan M, Ernawati NML, Sauriasari R, Pinontoan R, Pardal S, Subandi, Depamede S, Mangunwardoyo W, Hadisaputra W, Sudiyani Y, editor. The 5th Indonesia Biotechnology Conference An International Forum; 2012 Jul 4-7; Mataram, Indonesia. Mataram (ID): Indonesian Biotechnology Consortium. hlm 938-945.

Thurston DE. 2006. Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs. London (GB): CRC Press.

Todorov SD, Nyati H, Meincken M, Dicks LMT. 2007. Partial characterization of bacteriocin AMA-K isolated from naturally fermented milk from Zimbabwe. Food Ctrl. 18: 456-464.

Zain ME, Razak AA, El-sheikh HH, Soliman HG, Khalil AM. 2009. Influence of growth medium on diagnostic characters of aspergillus and penicillium

species. Afr J Microbiol. Research. 3(5).

Zeng M, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Dong S. 2013. Antimicrobial Activities of Marine Protein and Peptides. Kim SK, editor. West Sussex (GB): John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

Zheng S, Liu Q, Zhang G, Wang H, Ng TB. 2010. Purification and characterization of an antibacterial protein from deried fruiting bodies of the wild mushroom Clitocybe sinopica. Acta Biochim Polonic. 57(1): 43-48.

Wang S. 2006. Enzyme Purification by Salt (Ammonium Sulphate) Precipitation. http//www.glue.umd.edu.htm.

Winarno FG. 2008. Kimia Pangan dan Gizi. Bogor (ID): M-Brio Press.

Widyarti S. 2006. Prinsip-prinsip Dasar Analisis Biologi Molekuler. Malang (ID): Universitas Brawijaya.

[WHO] World Health Organization. 2008. Cancer Mortality and Morbidity

[Internet]. [diunduh 26 Juni 2013]. Tersedia pada: http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/mortality_morbidity/cancer_text/en.

Wooton M. 2013. BSAC Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Cardiff (GB): British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC).

Lampiran 1 Komposisi media PDA

Kentang 200 g/L

Dekstrosa 20 g/L

Agar 15 g/L

pH akhir (pada suhu 25oC) 5,6±0,2

Lampiran 2 Komposisi media PDB

Kentang 200 g/L

Dekstrosa 20 g/L

Agar 15 g/L

pH akhir (pada suhu 25oC) 5,1±0,2

Lampiran 3 Hasil uji statistik interaksi perlakuan konsentrasi NaCl dan waktu panen

Hipotesis

H0 (αβ)ij=0, tidak ada pengaruh interaksi konsentrasi NaCl dan waktu panen terhadap bobot biomassa kapang KT30

H1 (αβ)ij≠0, ada pengaruh interaksi konsentrasi NaCl dan waktu panen terhadap bobot biomassa kapang KT30

Yijk2 = 37,0297 Yi..2 = 785,67 Y.j.2 = 328,11 Yij.2 = 110,91 Y = 48,41 Faktor koreksi (FK) = 2 ��� = 48,412 3.7.3 = 32,5490 Jumlah Kuadrat Total (JKT) = ∑ ����2

�,�,� − ��

= 37,0297 – 32,5490 = 4,4807 Jumlah Kuadrat A (waktu panen) (JKA) = ∑ �� ..2

�� − �� = 785 ,67

3.8 −32,5490 = 0.1871

Jumlah Kuadrat B (NaCl) (JKB) = ∑ �..

2

�� − ��

= 328 ,11

Jumlah Kuadrat AB (JK(AB)) = ∑ ���. 2 �� − �� − ��� − ��� = 110 ,91 3 −32,5490−0,1871−3,9081 = 0,3263

Jumlah Kuadrat Galat (JKG) = JKT – JKA – JKB – JK(AB) = 4,4807 – 0,1871 – 3,9081 – 0,3263 = 0,0593

Tabel analisis sidik ragam

Sumber Ragam db JK KT F hitung F tabel (0.05)

A 7 0,1871 0,0936 75,7672 3,1907

B 2 3,9081 0,5583 452,1640 2,2074

AB 14 0,3263 0,0233 18,8737 1,9037

Galat 48 0,0593 0,0012

Total 71 4,4807

F hitung > F tabel (tolak H0) berarti interaksi konsentrasi NaCl dan waktu panen berpengaruh nyata terhadap biomassa kapang KT30

Lampiran 4 Hasil uji statistik perbedaan saturasi amonium sulfat

Hipotesis

H0 (αβ)ij=0, tidak ada pengaruh perbedaan saturasi amonium sulfat terhadap rendemen pelet protein kapang KT30

H1 (αβ)ij≠0, ada pengaruh perbedaan saturasi amonium sulfat terhadap rendemen pelet protein kapang KT30

Yij2 = 31,1575 Yi.2 = 93,29 Y.j2 = 124,4243 Y.. = 19,31 Faktor koreksi (FK) = ..2 �� = 19.312 3.4 = 31,0730 Jumlah Kuadrat Total (JKT) = ∑ ���2

�,� − ��

= 31,1575 – 31,0730 = 0,0845 Jumlah Kuadrat Perlakuan = ∑ �� .2

− �� = 93,29

3 −0,0845 = 0,0243

Jumlah Kuadrat Sisa (JKS) = JKT – JKP = 0,0845 – 0,0243 = 0,0602

Tabel analisis sidik ragam

Sumber Ragam db JK KT F hitung F tabel (0.05)

Perlakuan 3 0,0243 0,0082 1,0845 4,0662

Sisa 8 0,0602 0,0075

Total 11 0,0845

F hitung < F tabel (gagal tolak H0) berarti perbedaan saturasi amonium sulfat tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap rendemen pelet protein kapang KT30

Lampiran 5 Perhitungan nilai IC50

Berdasarkan tabel diatas, maka diperoleh persamaan linier berikut:

Lampiran 6 Kurva standar Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)

Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran BSA, maka diperoleh kurva standar berikut: y = 0,035x + 26,52 R² = 0,908 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 D aya H am b at (% ) Konsentrasi Protein (ppm) y = 0,555x + 0,138 R² = 0,972 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Abso r ban si ( nm ) Konsentrasi (mM)

Lampiran 7 Perhitungan bobot molekul

Berdasarkan tabel diatas, maka diperoleh persamaan linier berikut:

Lampiran 8 Aktivitas antibakteri supernatan kapang KT30

Konsentrasi NaCl : 0% Bakteri : Bacillus subtilis

Konsentrasi NaCl : 0% Bakteri : Escherichia coli

Konsentrasi NaCl : 3% Bakteri : Bacillus subtilis

Konsentrasi NaCl : 3% Bakteri : Escherichia coli

y = -1,919x + 1,876 R² = 0,962 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 Lo g B M Nilai Rf K 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 12 15 18 21 K 9 6 3 3 21 18 15 12 9 6 K 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 K

Lampiran 9 Perhitungan konsentrasi protein per disc Kadar protein = 1,697 mg/mL

Volume protein per disc = 20 µL

Konsentrasi protein/disc = ��µ�� .�����

���������µ�������µ�

Dokumen terkait