CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION
A. Research Findings
1. The translation strategies empoyed in Cristiano Ronaldo
What translation strategies are applied in Instagram machine translation? According to Nida (2001), translation process is an activity that requires language understanding and analysis. There are three stages in processing the translation: analysis, transferring, and restructuring. In this research the researcher uses Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory (2000).
There are seven technique that have been classified on the theory such as name calling Borrowing, Calque, Literal translation, Transposition, Modulation, Equivalence, and Adaptation.
The researcher classified the data based on the translation strategies theory Vinay and Darbelnet (2000). There are seven techniques that have been classified in the theory, such as name calling, borrowing, caching, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. The second part, the researcher classified the data based on the error classification in machine translation theory Maarit Koponen (2010). The researcher found 80 data. The translation strategies include borrowing strategies with 5 data, calque strategies with 17 data, literal translation with 46 data, Transposition with 7 data, modulation with 2 data, and adaptation with 3 data. Literal translation is more dominant because the Instagram machine translation works by translating word to word sequentially and according to language arrangement.
a) Borrowing
Borrowing is a translation strategy which involves using the same word, phrase or expression in the SL into TL without translation.
Borrowing is the most basic method of translation. Borrowing is usually used to bridge a gap, usually a metalinguistic one, in terms of new or unknown technical or conceptual concepts.
1) Datum 31/ST/TT/B/UC
Source Text : Faster...@nikefootball Target Text : Faster...@nikefootball
In the translation above, the machine translation used borrowing procedure in translating word Faster from ST into TT. The caption faster is mean to an endorsement from NIKE brand. The word should be translated to word to “lebih cepat” in this in this case the Instagram machine translation did not translate it because the symbol
“…..” make the machine translation can not read the text. That menas instagram machine translation did not read the rule of the word. The word “@nikefootbal” still same and without translated is correct because that is @ is a symbol to summon an account.
2) Datum 44/ST/TT/B/UC Source Text : Caption….
Target Text : Caption….
In the picture above the caption “caption” is mean Cristiano want the followers make a caption. In the translation above, the machine translation used borrowing procedure in translating word
“Caption…” from ST into TT. The word “Caption” if translated into TL meant “Gaya Kamis”. In this chase the Instagram machine translation did not translate it because the symbol “…..” make the machine translation can not read the text. Machine translation in instagram
b) Calque
Calque is a translation strategy in which an expression in the SL is translated word-by-word into the TL. Calque is a special type of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression from another, but the translator translates literally each of its parts. The equation is that calque and borrowing both translate words by translating their lexical and structural parts. The lexical element signifies the real meaning of the word. Meanwhile, structural means word arrangement.
So, in other words the translation of the calque is depending on the meaning of the word and its structure.
1) Datum 34/ST/TT/C/MC
Source Text : Felling good and healthy Target Text : Jatuh baik dan sehat
In the post above Cristiano want to tell to his follower he is healthy, and in the translation above, the machine translation used calque procedure in translating “Felling good and healthy” into “Jatuh baik dan sehat”, the word Felling is a calque because the word felling does not follow from the sentence before it and make this translation product Calque. In this case the machine translation is the lexical element signifies the real meaning of the word, translated word-by-word into the TT.
2) Datum 67/ST/TT/C/MC
Source Text : Get back and break again!
Target Text : Dapat kembali dan istirahat lagi!
In the translation above, the machine translation used calque procedure in translating “Get back and break again! ” into “Dapat kembali dan istirahat lagi! ”, in this case the machine translation translates words Get into dapat, and the word Get not follow from the sentence before it and make this translation product Calque means that the machine translation translates word by word by translating their lexical and structural parts, translated word-by-word into the TT.
c) Literal translation
Literal translation is a strategy of translating straight SL word by word grammatically and appropriate in the TL. Literal translation is acceptable if the translated language has the same word, phrase, or sentence structure, meaning, and style as the SL. This strategy is not
required to make changes other than clarify, such as those regarding grammatical suitability. The objective of this strategy is to translate words that have the same lexical elements and the same sentence structure. The grammar of each language is taken into account by the translation machine, that also uses rules, examples, and grammar to transfer the grammar of the source language (SL) into the target language (TL). In order to translate from SL to TL, TM refers to previously recorded rules, examples, and grammars (Alawneh 2011).
1) Datum 3/ST/TT/LT/OC
Source Text : The winners are who keep trying for the best!
Target Text : Pemenang adalah yang terus berusaha yang terbaik!
In the picture above, it was clear that the sentence “The winners are who keep trying for the best!” in source text which is translated into “Pemenang adalah yang terus berusaha yang terbaik!”
the target text is translated precisely without changing the form or word order. The literal translation process had an impact on how well the meaning and idea of the translated text were delivered to Instagram users. Instagram machine translation work grammarly to transfer the grammar of the source language (SL) into the target language (TL).
2) Datum 17/ST/TT/LT/MC
Source Text : Wasn't the result we wanted, but now it’s time to recover well and focus on the next game!
#mufc
Target Text : Bukan hasil yang kita cari, tapi sekarang saatnya pulih dengan baik dan fokus ke pertandingan selanjutnya! #mufc
In example above, the sentence uses literal translation to translate the sentence “Wasn't the result we wanted, but now it’s time to recover well and focus on the next game! #mufc” in source language which is translated into “Bukan hasil yang kita cari, tapi sekarang saatnya pulih dengan baik dan fokus ke pertandingan selanjutnya! #mufc” that mean doesn't go out of context in target language. The researchers concluded the machine translation transfer source language grammar and word order, as well as all of the source language words' primary meanings. However, because the literal translation procedure affected this translation for giving the message from source language, the sentence above is translated literally without any reduction or addition in order to keep the equivalences.
d) Transposition
Transposition: substituting one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message. Transposition is a strategy of changing the word class of a word or particular word combination without affecting the meaning in translation process.
1) Datum 2/ST/TT/T/MC
Source Text : 3 important points! well done lads, Target Text : 3 poin penting! bagus sekali kalian, tetap hidup
In the source language translated “3 important points! well done lads, keep on” into “3 poin penting! bagus sekali kalian, tetap hidup” target text doesn’t out the context. The change of position
source text grammatical structure in target text is classified as “well done” as an adjective and a noun “lads”. The researcher sees the noun
“Well done lads” is translated into “Bagus sekali kalian” in the target text. In this case, Instagram machine translation translate word to word. Lads is a boy or young man
2) Datum 15/ST/TT/T/EC
Source Text : Focus on past, if we can overcome it we can win
Target Text : Fokus pada hari esok, jika kita bisa mengatasinya kita bisa menang
In picture above, sentence “Focus on past, if we can overcome it, we can win” in source language is translated into “Fokus pada hari esok, jika kita bisa mengatasinya kita bisa menang”. There is
transposition because it is acceptable to reader and did not change the meaning and doesn’t out of context from the ST or caption.
e) Modulation
Modulation is a translation strategy that happens in the translation process which involves changing the point of view of the SL in the TL in the semantic arena. Modulation is the varying of the language, produced by a change in the point of view, this change could be justifiable, although literal even transposed.
1) Datum 41/SC/TT/M/UC
Source Text : Head up and believe in the work we’re doing! Move!
Target Text : Maju dan percaya pada pekerjaan yang kami lakukan! Move!
The word Head Up in the sentence are defined Maju in target text perspective. It is common use “Angkat kepala/tatap ke atas” as the meaningful in dictionary. Modulation happens in data above because machine translation has different perspective from source
language. Modulation affected the translation because the machine translation would give the message with other word but the idea from source language no change. That’s mean the instagram users can understand what the menaning.
f) Equivalence
Equivalence: rendering two situations by different stylistic and structural methods; these two texts contain the source text and its similar text which is the target text.
g) Adaptation strategy
Adaptation strategy is used when certain word, phrase or expression in the SL is not suitable or acceptable culturally in the TL.
The translator must replace the word, phrase, or expression in the SL by adapting the suitable or acceptable word, phrase, or expression of the TL.
1) Datum 7/ST/TT/AS/EC
Source Text : Step by step, we stand! United!
Target Text : Langkah demi langkah, kami berdiri!
Serikat!
The researcher concludes the machine translation is using adaptation procedure and the source “Step by step, we stand! United!”
translated into “Langkah demi langkah, kami berdiri! Serikat!” and noun United in source language become change position into Serikat in target language actually what united means is “Manchester United”
but this does not affect the language, does not out of context from ST and is acceptable. The machine translation cannot know how and what a word is adaptation because for every language have the different meaning. In this case the adaptation is into a Indonesia language of course in other languages it means different.
2) Datum 22/ST/TT/AS/AC
Source Text : always by my side and never leave me dude
Target Text : selalu di sisiku dan tidak pernah meninggalkanku kawanku
The researcher concludes the machine translation is using adaptation procedure and the source “always by my side and never leave me dude” translated into “selalu di sisiku dan tidak pernah meninggalkanku kawanku” and noun dude in source language become change position into kawanku in target language actually what dude means is a man but this does not affect the language, does not out of the context from ST and is acceptable to reader. Dude can it mean a close friend or someone we trust