STAGE 3 : Sizing system
6.10 Future trends
Future trends in body scanning for anthropometric studies will be driven by the recent and continual development of less expensive and more flexible ways of generating 3-D models of the body. Multiple technologies are being introduced now, some that use various sensed data to generate the model and others that depend on a large data-base of existing 3-D body scans and use more limited collected data to match and select an existing 3-D model from the database.
The introduction and improvement of infrared-based scanning combined with computing methods that interactively build a 3-D model from data generated as the sensor is moved around the body are making 3-D body scanning from handheld scan-ners practical. The cost of such scanscan-ners is a fraction of the cost of stationary scanscan-ners using laser light or white light. Studies show that the scans taken with these scanners, though lower in resolution than more traditional scanners, can be effective for the needs of an anthropometric study. Direct comparisons of the measurements taken by scanners using infrared light and scanners based on laser technologies indicate much promise in the new technologies (Soileau et al., 2016). Multiple sensors set up on tripods or incorporated into booth structures are also being marketed at much lower cost than earlier scanners. The portability of these systems makes them very appropriate for use in anthropometric studies.
It is difficult at this early stage to know which sensor devices will ultimately be successful in the market, but the Structure Sensor, designed to be connected to an iPad, is currently popular. This sensor company is also encouraging open-source develop-ment of software associated with the sensor, which opens up more possibilities for its ultimate use and success.
Systems to build a 3-D model from two-dimensional photographs have been under development for many years and are now reaching the stage of practical application.
Models made from cell phone photographs are proliferating. One popular version uses a special bodysuit with graphics to assist in 3-D image generation. These systems are being introduced commercially, but few publications exist on studies of their effec-tiveness. However, once verified, these technologies can be revolutionary in their use in anthropometric studies. Their advantage is that they can be made available over the Internet, so that participants in anthropometric studies can be recruited remotely.
Participants will be able to complete an online survey and then strip down and capture their body data in the privacy of their own home.
The same is true of systems that choose a scan from an existing database to match linear measurements taken of the body, but the inherent variability of the human form
makes these systems less likely to be useful, because the number of variables neces-sary to find a perfect match is prohibitive.
Overall, testing is needed to establish reliability and comparability of the data from these new technologies to both manual measurements and more established scanners.
Testing is also needed to establish protocols for scanning using these tools. For exam-ple, how quickly can a handheld scanner gather data on a whole body, and is it fast enough to prevent body sway? Even if a scan can be captured before sway in the body is introduced, stabilizing the arms will be necessary when scanning the body with a handheld scanner.
Overall, once this testing establishes the usefulness of these technologies, they have the potential to increase the number of anthropometric studies conducted, open-ing the door to studies on specific target markets, studies of children, studies of spe-cific occupational groups, and longitudinal studies to track secular changes in a population. The reduced cost, portability, and accessibility of these technologies pro-vide an impressive range of opportunities for anthropometric studies.
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7
Functional measurements and mobility restriction (from
3D to 4D scanning)
Anke Klepser, Simone Morlock, Christine Loercher, Andreas Schenk Hohenstein Institute for Textilinnovation gGmbH, Boennigheim, Germany