___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Did you know that immigrants Christi created ethnic neighborhoods in the cities?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Commas
Always use a comma to set off the words yes and no at the beginning of a sentence or to set off a tag question from the rest of the sentence.
Example:
Yes, I want to go to the store.
No, I do not want to go to the store.
It’s true, isn’t it?
Yes, I like music, don’t you?
Guided Practice
Use the appropriate editing mark to insert a comma where it belongs.
1. No he does not want a drink.
2. Yes thank you she does want another serving.
3. You won didn’t you?
Answer each question with a sentence. Be sure to include yes or no at the beginning of the sentence.
4. Do you want to go to the museum?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Do you like ice cream?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Use a comma after yes or no at the beginning of a sentence.
Commas
Independent Practice
Rewrite each sentence adding the correct punctuation (commas and end punctuation).
1. No we do not want to have homework tonight
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Yes she does look beautiful in her new dress
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. The new shopping mall isn’t very far from here is it
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Yes I plan to go to college to get a degree in teaching
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
5. You like it don’t you
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Yes I do don’t you
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Yes I completed my homework
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. He graduated from Harvard didn’t he
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Commas
Use the following instruction to help you.
1. Always use commas to separate a series of three or more things.
2. Always use a comma to separate the name of someone being addressed.
3. Always use a comma to set off the words yes and no at the beginning of a sentence.
4. Always use a comma to set off a tag question from the rest of the sentence.
Independent Practice
Place a comma where one belongs in the following sentences.
1. Dogs like treats warm beds and a pat on the back.
2. No Fred does not have a dog.
3. Yes Ted does have a dog.
4. You have a dog don’t you?
5. Mindy do you have dog?
6. Yes you can pet the dog.
7. Timmy do you have a leash we can borrow?
8. The dog is beautiful isn’t it?
9. Yes it is.
10. Mom would you buy a dog?
Conjunctions, Commas, and Compound Sentences
A conjunction is a connecting word. The most common conjunctions are and, but, and or.
Always use a conjunction and a comma to connect two simple sentences into one compound sentence.
Why should you use a compound sentence? A compound sentence may help to create better sentence fluency.
Examples AND
Use the conjunction ‘and’ to connect two similar thoughts.
Example: I washed the car. I cleaned my room.
I washed the car, __________ I cleaned my room.
BUT
Use the conjunction ‘but’ to connect contrasting thoughts.
Example: She wanted to go to the store. He wanted to go to the park.
She wanted to go to the store, __________ he wanted to go to the park.
OR
Use the conjunction ‘or’ to show alternative thoughts.
Example: We can go to the water park. We can go to the swimming pool.
We can go the water park, __________ we can go to the swimming pool.
.
Use a conjunction &
a comma to join two simple sentences.
Conjunctions, Commas, and Compound Sentences Guided Practice
1. When do you use the conjunction ‘and’?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. When do you use the conjunction ‘but’?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. When do you use the conjunction ‘or’?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What two things do you need to join two simple sentences into one compound sentence?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Use the conjunction given to combine the two simple sentences into a compound sentence.
5. Science is an ongoing process. There is always more to learn. (and)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
6. There are many skills a scientist can use. The six basic process skills are essential.
(but) __________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. All of the your senses may be needed for an observation. You may only need to use one of your senses for an observation. (or)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Conjunctions, Commas, and Compound Sentences Independent Practice
Use the conjunction given to combine the two simple sentences into a compound sentence.
1. Abraham Lincoln wanted to be easy on the South after the Civil War. The Radical Republicans wanted to be hard on the South. (but) _____________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1. African Americans could stay in the South and become sharecroppers. African Americans could move north to find a job. (or) _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. The 13th Amendment freed the slaves everywhere in the United States. The 14th amendment gave African Americans citizenship in the U.S.A. (and) ___________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. The 15th amendment gave African Americans the right to vote. Some people in the South tried to keep African Americans from voting by administering literacy tests.
(but) __________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Abraham Lincoln’s goal was to preserve the Union. Abraham Lincoln wanted to end the Civil War as quickly as possible. (and) _______________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conjunctions, Commas, and Compound Sentences Independent Practice
Use a comma and a conjunction to join the two simple sentences. Write the new compound sentence.
1. Inferences are important. You must make observations before you can make an inference. (but)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Quantitative observations are observations that can be measured with numbers.
Qualitative observations are observations that are made with your senses. (and) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
3. You can communicate information through talking. Communication can take place through a written form. (or)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Scientists use process skills. These skills help scientists to gather information. (and) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence is a sentence with an independent clause that can stand alone as a sentence and at least one dependent clause that cannot stand alone.
Example:
SIMPLE SENTENCES
Her friend was invited to the party. She did not want to go.
COMPOUND SENTENCE
Her friend was invited to the party, but she did not want to go.
COMPLEX
Although her friend was invited to the party, she did not want to go.
Guided Practice
In the following sentences identify the independent clause and the dependent clause.
Example:
1. Even though there are many skills a scientist can use, there are six basic process skills that are essential.
Independent Clause – _______________________________________________________________________
Dependent Clause – _________________________________________________________________________
2. Even though some science investigations do not require quantitative observations, there are some that require both quantitative and qualitative observations.
Independent Clause – _______________________________________________________________________
Dependent Clause – _________________________________________________________________________
You’ve got this!
Complex Sentences Independent Practice
1. Although the Wright Brothers originally built bicycles, they developed a love for aviation.
Independent Clause – _______________________________________________________________________
Dependent Clause – _________________________________________________________________________
2. Before the light bulb, factory workers could only work during daylight hours.
Independent Clause – _______________________________________________________________________
Dependent Clause – _________________________________________________________________________
3. After the invention of the light bulb, factories had longer working hours that their employees worked.
Independent Clause – _______________________________________________________________________
Dependent Clause – _________________________________________________________________________
4. Even though some Americans welcomed immigrants, there were others that did not want immigrants to come to America.
Independent Clause – _______________________________________________________________________
Dependent Clause – _________________________________________________________________________
5. Even though immigrants were not always welcomed, they supplied a great part of the labor force that helped to make the U.S. the world’s largest industrial power.
Independent Clause – _______________________________________________________________________
Dependent Clause – _________________________________________________________________________
Compound and Complex Sentence Review Independent Practice
Determine what type of sentence and write compound or complex for each sentence.
1. After practicing for several months, he made the team! ____________________
2. If you want to be healthy, you should exercise often. ____________________
3. I like to go to the park, and I like to watch movies. ____________________
4. When the weather is nice people like to go to the park. ____________________
5. He likes to play softball, but he can’t play today. ____________________
6. She cooked dinner, and he cleaned the dishes. ____________________
7. Since she studied for the test she did well on the test. ____________________
8. Fred wants to go outside, but first he must do his homework. ____________________
9. Do you like to use a pencil, or do you like to use a pen? ____________________
10. If it rains today, we will play inside. ____________________
Writing
Write a paragraph about your favorite thing to do. You must include at least one compound sentence or one complex sentence.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Types of Sentences
A declarative sentence makes a statement. It declares something. It ends with a period.
Inventions helped to promote industrial growth in the late 19th century.
An interrogative sentence asks a question. It ends with a question mark.
When did the economy change from being based on agriculture to being based more on the production of manufactured goods?
An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. It ends with a period. The subject (you) is not shown, but understood.
Please turn on the electricity.
An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling. It ends with an exclamation mark.
People were so excited to travel west on the Transcontinental Railroad!
Guided Practice
Write whether each sentence is declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.
Underline the subject in each sentence one time and circle the verb.
1. Did you know that when the railroads crossed the plains they affected the bison that had freely wandered there? ____________________
2. They finally had cash crops, such as corn and wheat, that provided profits!
____________________
3. Andrew Carnegie developed the Bessemer process, which converted iron into steel.
____________________
4. Tell me about the Chinese workers who helped build the railroad from west to east.
____________________
Independent Practice
Write 2 examples of each type of sentence.
Declarative Sentences
1. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Interrogative Sentences
1. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Imperative Sentences
1. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Exclamatory Sentences
1. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Pronoun Review
Pronouns are words that take the place of a noun or noun phrase.
Singular Pronouns: I, me, you, she, her, he, him, it Plural Pronouns: we, us, you, they, them
Possessive Pronouns are pronouns that show ownership.
Examples of Possessive Pronouns
Used Before a Noun: my, your, her, his, its, our, their
Used By Itself: mine, your, hers, his, ours, theirs Guided Practice
Underline the pronoun or pronouns in each sentence.
Underline each action or linking verb.
1. It is really cool.
2. My dog barks a lot, doesn’t he?
3. Those toys belong to her.
4. Did you catch it?
5. They wanted to eat hamburgers.
6. Those clothes belong to them.
7. We talked for hours.
8. That new car is ours.
9. You will love the beach!
10. Will you bring them with us?
Pronouns take
the place of a noun.
Independent Practice
Circle the pronoun that best replaces the underlined word in each sentence.
1. Explorers and mountain men followed the Native American trails when they traveled west and the trails helped the explorers and mountain men. (them, it)
2. The railroad stretched from east to west and the railroad made traveling much faster.
(them, it)
3. The railroad helped get crops to market where the crops could be sold. (theirs, they) 4. Ranchers and cowboys cooperated to develop the cattle industry and ranchers and
cowboys helped each other. (it, they)
5. European immigrants built the Union Pacific Railroad and the Union Pacific Railroad stretched from east to west. (its, it)
6. The Central Pacific Railroad was built from the west to the east and the Central Pacific Railroad met the Union Pacific Railroad in Utah. (they, it)
7. The weather affected the settlers who traveled west so the settlers had to time their trip at the right time of the year. (them, they)
8. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, but Alexander Graham Bell did not invent the light bulb. (him, he)
9. Many labor saving devices were invented for the home, and people liked labor saving devices. (it, them)
10. Andrew Carnegie had a monopoly in the steel industry, and this made Andrew Carnegie wealthy. (it, him)
11. Rockefeller had a monopoly in the oil industry and Rockefeller was rich. (him, he)
Possessive Nouns
1. A singular possessive noun shows what belongs to that one person, place, or thing.
a. To make a singular possessive noun, add an apostrophe (‘) and s.
Example: the fur of a dog the dog’s fur
2. A plural possessive noun shows that more than person, place, or thing has or owns something.
a. When a plural noun ends in s, add an apostrophe after the s.
Example: the berries on the bushes the bushes’ berries b. When a plural noun does not end in s, add an apostrophe and s.
Example: The smiles of children the children’s smiles Guided Practice
Circle the correct possessive noun in parenthesis to complete each sentence.
1. The (teacher’s/teachers’) voice is not loud.
2. She told about the many (culture’s/cultures’) stories.
3. The (children’s/childrens’) toys are fun!
4. The (turtle’s/turtles’) eggs are buried in the sand.
5. These (storie’s/stories’) characters are funny.
6. Did you see that (bird’s/birds’) nest?
7. Some types of (bird’s/birds’) nests are on the ground.
8. Those (women’s/womens’) clothes are fancy.
9. Your (teeth’s/teeths’) enamel is strong.
A possessive
noun shows ownership.
Possessive Nouns -‐ Independent Practice
Circle the correct possessive noun in parenthesis to complete each sentence. You can use the examples on the previous page as a help.
1. A (mixture’s/mixtures’) substances can be separated from each other.
2. Those (solution’s/solutions’) substances cannot be distinguished as separate substances.
3. The (liquid’s/liquids’) solid particles can be separated using filtration.
4. The (recipe’s/recipes’) directions said to sift the flour to make separate smaller solid particles.
5. Those (magnet’s/magnets’) magnetic force is strongest at the poles.
6. The (solution’s/solutions’) particles were separated through evaporation.
7. The (solution’s/solutions’) solutes can be separated and analyzed through chromatography.
8. The water in the (substance’s/substances’) solution is the solvent.
9. A (solid’s/solids’) particles are very close together.
10. (Chromatography’s/chromatographys’) purpose is to separate a mixture.
Writing
Write one or two sentences about something that belongs to someone you know. Be sure to use a possessive noun to show ownership.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Possessive Nouns
Independent Practice Part 2
Add an apostrophe to each underlined possessive noun. Rewrite the noun on the line.
1. Young childrens books aren’t as lengthy as books for older children and teenagers.
________________________________________
2. Some of our textbooks information needs to be updated.
______________________________
3. When the dogs toy squeaks, the dog runs around in circles. ______________________________
4. Birds beaks are shaped in a way to help them obtain food.
______________________________
5. When the boy arrived at school, his backpacks zipper was stuck and he couldn’t get it open. ______________________________
6. The two families children play together at the park almost every day.
______________________________
7. The dogs crate was large enough to fit two dogs inside of it.
______________________________
8. The skies color was a beautiful soft orange.
______________________________
9. When will we go see the zoos new exhibit that was advertised on television?
______________________________
10. Every teams mascot in his town is an animal.
______________________________
Subject-‐Verb Agreement
Subject-‐verb agreement is not difficult. It usually does not sound correct when a subject and a verb do not agree. In order to have subject-‐verb agreement, follow these rules.
When you have a singular subject you must have a verb that ends in s, es, or ies.
1. If the subject is a singular noun, add s or es to most verbs. If a verb ends in a consonant and y, change the y to i before adding es.
Example: Joe mows the yard.
Joe washes the car.
Joe carries the groceries inside.
2. If the subject is a plural noun, do not add s or es to the