a. Serangan hama tanaman kopi, termasuk hama Penggerek Buah Kopi (PBKo) disamping sangat dipengaruhi oleh teknik budidaya tanaman kopi, juga dipengaruhi oleh letak kebun kopi dari permukaan laut
b. pada perkebunan kopi organic diduga ada musuh alami yang berperan menekan populasi hama PBKo, sehingga tingkat serangan hama PBKo pada perkebunan kopi organic lebih rendah disbanding perkebunan kopi anorganik
pada ketinggian di atas 1.300 m di atas permukaan laut tingkat serangan hama PBKo lebih rendah dibandingkat ketinggian di bawah 1.300 m dpl, karena pada ketinggian di atas 1.300 m dpl keadaan iklim terutama keadaan suhunya kurang ideal untuk perkembangan hama PBKo.
7.2. Saran
Perlu ada penelitian lanjutan untuk melihat biodiversitas Arthropoda antara perkebunan kopi organic dan anorganik pada berabagai elevasi.
19 DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Bengtsson, J., Ahnstrom, J. dan Weibull, Ann-C. 2005. The Effects of Organic Agriculture on Biodiversity and Abundance: a Meta-Analysis. Appl. Ecol. 42 (2): 261-269.
2. Garratt, M.P.D., Wright, D.J. dan Leather, S.R. 2012. The Effects of Farming System and Fertilizers on Pests and Natural Enemies: a Synthesis of Current Research. Organic Agriculture of Centre of Canada. Dalhousie University.
3. Puech, C., Baudry, J., Joannon, A., Poggi, S. dan Aviron, S. 2014. Organic vs Conventional Dichotomy: Doest it Make Sense for Natural Enemies?. Agr. Ecos. Env. 194: 48-57.
4. Hamdi, S., Sapdi, Husni. 2015. Komposisi dan Struktur Komunitas Parasitoid Hymenoptera antara Kebun Kopi yang Dikelola Secara Organik dan Konvensional di Kabupaten Aceh Tengah. Floratek. 10 (2).
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doi:10.1038/srep08024.
8. Beers, E. H., Mills, N.J., Shearer, P.W., Horton, D.R., Milickzy, E.R., Amarasekare, K.G. dan Gontijo, L.M. 2016. Nontarget Effects of Orchard Pesticides on Natural Enemies:
Lessons from the Field and Laboratory. Biol. Control. 102: 44-52.
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10. Abrol, D. P. & U. Shankar. 2014. Pesticide, food safety and pest management.
ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269338615.
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https://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4179.
12. Hu, R., X. Huang, J. Huang, Y. Li, C. Zhang, Y. Yin, Z. Chen, Y. Jin, J. Cai & F. Cui. 2015.
Long- and short-term health effect on pesticide exposure: a cohort study from China.
PLoS One. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0128766
13. Mahmood, I., S.R. Imadi, K. Shazadi, A. Gul & K.R. Hakeem. 2015. Effects of Pesticides on environment. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication286042190
20 14. Nicolopoulou-Stamati, P., S. Maipas, C. Kotampasi, P. Stamatis & L. Hens. 2016.
Chemical Pesticides and Human Health: the urgent need for a new concept in agriculture.
Front Public Health. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpubh.2016.00148
15. Savopaolo-Soltani, M., N.T. Papadopoulos, P. Milonas & P. Moyal. 2012. Abiotic Factors and Insect Abundance. Psyche a Journal of Entomology. Doi: 10.1155/2012/167420.
18
Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei Ferr.) attacks in organic and conventional Arabica coffee plantations
Husni1
Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Email:proteksi.tanaman@unsyiah.ac.id
Key words: Arabica coffee, organic and conventional coffee plantation, Hypothenemus hampei
We have conducted a series of studies on Arabica coffee plantations in Aceh Tengah Regency, Aceh Province, Indonesia to study the effect of organic and conventional coffee plantation systems on the level of attack by coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei. The results showed that at each observation the level of CBB attacks on coffee plants cultivated organically was lower than those cultivated conventionally. The level of CBB attack on organic and conventional coffee plantations is between 7.9 - 12.1% and 13.2 - 22.2% respectively. From the results of this study it is suspected that in coffee plantations that are cultured organically there are more diverse or more abundant organisms that act as natural enemies, so they can suppress CBB population development. Meanwhile, conventional coffee cultivation is suspected to have decreased the natural enemy population of CBB, because on these lands synthetic pesticides have been used continuously to control various disturbing organisms in coffee plants. The results of this study indicate that organic coffee farming systems have played an important role in maintaining the biodiversity of various organisms in coffee plantations, so that the population development of various coffee plant pests, i.e. CBB can be balanced by the development of their natural enemy population.
Introduction
Coffee berry borer (CCB) is the most dangerous insect pest in coffee plants (Kalshoven, 1981;
Burbano et al., 2011; Messing, 2012; Vijayalakshmi et al., 2013; Aristizabal et al., 2017). The coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei, is the most significant insect pest of coffee worldwide.
CCB (Hypothenemus hampei) originated in Central Africa, was first discovered in a coffee plantation on the island of Java in 1909 (Kalshoven, 1981). As a result of this pest attack has caused a decrease in the production of coffee beans both in quantity and quality. Due to this pest attack coffee
production can decrease by up to 50% (Indonesia Coffee and Cacao Research Institute, 2006).
Barrera (2008) reports that loss of results due to CCB attacks can reach 30-35%, even in the harvest season can reach 100%.
This pest attack from year to year continues to increase, even these pests are reported to have attacked coffee plants planted at an altitude of 1500 m above sea level. The effects of global warming are thought to have triggered an increase in insect pest attacks on various crops grown in the highlands, including coffee plants. The use of synthetic insecticides to control these pests is not
19 recommended, because in addition to being
ineffective it can also adversely affect humans and the surrounding environment. Therefore, it is necessary to look for other alternatives to control these pests.
One alternative that is very possible is to empower the natural enemies of CCB pests that are inside the coffee plantation area. These domestic natural enemies can be predators, parasitoid insects, or entomopathogens. These biocontrol agents will be able to suppress the development of pest populations, if supported by good environmental conditions, namely the environment that is free from the contamination of harmful chemical compounds, especially those derived from pesticides. The only system that allows for the preservation of biocontrol agents on agricultural land is the organic farming system. Organic farming system is an agricultural system that does not use harmful chemicals at all, either from pesticides or synthetic fertilizers. Human awareness of the importance of applying organic farming systems is triggered by their awareness of the dangers of synthetic chemical compounds to humans and the environment. Now there are several agricultural commodities that apply organic farming systems, one of which is coffee plants.
One area of organic coffee plantation that is quite extensive is in Aceh Tengah District, Aceh Province, Indonesia. In the area it has been cultivated more than 13,000 Ha of Arabica coffee plants organically (Disbunhut Kabupaten Aceh Tengah, 2015). One reason farmers in this area grow coffee organically is because the selling price of organic coffee beans is much higher than conventional ones. Arabica coffee is the main export commodity from this region. The reason for the higher selling price of organic coffee is because organic coffee is considered safer to consume, especially by consumers abroad.
Organic coffee cultivation is not only economically beneficial, but also ecologically, because the organic farming system does not negatively affect the environment. Conversely, conventional farming systems are thought to have triggered environmental damage, both biotic and abiotic. Quite a lot of research reports on the plantations that are managed organically with conventional ones.
Material and Methods
Selection of Research Plot Location
In determining the research plot, the general conditions of the research location and environmental factors, such as the altitude of the sea level, shade plants, and the age of the sample plants are as homogeneous as possible. Therefore, mapping of the area was carried out by measuring the altitude of each research location using GPS. The sampling location was selected for coffee plantations that were managed conventionally and organically at an altitude of 1,100 - 1,300 m above sea level with an area of at least 10 Ha. Generally the coffee plantation area in Aceh Tengah Regency is at this altitude, which is the most ideal condition for the growth of Gayo arabica coffee. The area of each research plot is 1 Ha with a total of 20 sample plants per plots randomly zigzagged, so there are 20 tree 200 pieces of coffee were taken randomly from each sample tree. The level (percentage) of an attack is calculated using the formula:
P: Percentage of infected fruit
a: The amount of sample fruit attacked b: The total number of samples
Results and Discussion
The results showed that in general the percentage of coffee berry attacked by CBB on organic coffee plantations was lower than conventional ones. The level of CBB attack on organic and conventional
20 coffee plantations is between 7.9 - 12.1% and 13.2 -
22.2% respectively (Fig. 1). In organically managed coffee plantations, it is suspected that there are many organisms that act as biological control agents that
can suppress CBB pest populations, so that the level of CBB attacks is lower than conventional coffee plantations. Research conducted by Hamdi et al.
Fig. 1. Coffee berry borer attack in conventional and organic coffee plantation
(2015) on Arabica coffee plantations in Aceh Tengah Regency, also showed that the level of diversity of various species of Hymenoptera parasitoid was much higher in coffee plantations that were managed organically than coffee plantations that were managed inorganically. Individual abundance, number of families and higher wealth of Hymenoptera species are found in coffee cultivation practices organically compared to conventional coffee plantations. The composition of Hymenoptera parasitoid in coffee plantations that are managed organically consists of 13 families, while in coffee gardens conventionally managed only consists of 7 families (Hamdi et al., 2015). Various studies reviewed by related to the influence of organic and conventional farming systems on insect populations. The results of the review show that in organic farmland species richness and abundance of insect populations are higher compared to conventional agricultural land (Montanez and Suarez, 2014). The research conducted by Chau and Heong (2005) on rice plants also shows that organically grown rice plants have a lower rate of pest and disease attack than rice plants grown
conventionally, and their productivity was not significantly different from those planted conventionally.
. In our preliminary experiments also shows that in coffee plantations that are managed organically the level of diversity and number of Arthropod species that act as predators and parasitoids is much higher than conventional coffee plantations (Husni et al., Unpublished). This indicates that the application of various synthetic pesticides in conventional coffee plantations has a negative impact on Arthropods which acts as a natural enemy in coffee plants. Quite a lot of broad spectrum pesticides such as organophospate have disrupted the existence of various beneficial species, such as natural enemies and have also caused secondary pest outbreaks (Hill et al., 2017). In our previous study (Husni et al., Unpublished) we found a parasitoid species that was once released in a coffee plantation in Aceh Tengah Regency, namely Phoropo nasuta (Hymenoptera:
Bethylidae). This parasitoid was released by the Aceh Tengah Regency Plantation and Forestry Service (Disbunhut Aceh Tengah) several years ago
21 presence of this parasitoid in coffee plantations in
Aceh Tengah Regency has helped suppress CBB pest population. Of course, further research is needed to find the most potential domestic natural enemies to control this CBB pest. The results of this study have also been able to answer the benefits of organic coffee cultivation, which is in addition to ensuring the avoidance of coffee beans from the contamination of harmful chemical compounds, is also able to reduce the level of CBB pest attacks.
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Communities and May Facilitate Secondary Pest
Outbreaks. PeerJ.
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Pesticide in Modern World Risks and Benefits (Stoydcheva, M. Edt.). InTech. www.intechopen.com.
Catatan:
Bertemu dengan tokoh masyarakat
Catatan :
Pemasangan label pada pohon sampel
Catatan :
Pengamatan serangan hama kopi Periode I
Catatan:
Pengamatan serangan hama kopi Periode II
Catatan:
Pengamatan serangan hama kopi Periode III
Catatan:
Pengamatan serangan hama kopi Periode IV
Catatan:
Pengamatan serangan hama kopi Periode V
Catatan:
Pengamatan serangan hama kopi Periode VI