Kesimpulan
Galur dihaploid (DH) calon pelestari hasil kultur antera terbukti baik dan stabil, sehingga dapat berfungsi sebagai galur pelestari efektif bagi galur mandul jantan dengan latar belakang sitoplasma wild abortive, Gambiaca dan Kalinga. Galur tersebut antara lain H36-3-Ma, H36-3- Mb, B2-1-M, B4-1-Da, H36-3-Mc, H36-4-M, B1-2-Pb dan B2-1-Db. Galur-galur DH tersebut memiliki kriteria agromorfologi dan hasil yang baik, serta memiliki ketahanan terhadap pathogen hawar daun bakteri.
Penggunaan galur dihaploid pelestari dalam perakitan galur mandul jantan melalui metode silang balik berkelanjutan efektif dan mempercepat proses perakitan GMJ baru. Telah teridentifikasi 10 galur mandul jantan baru yang memiliki latar belakang sitoplasma WA, Gambiaca dan Kalinga. Sepuluh GMJ baru tersebut memiliki sterilitas polen stabil, perilaku dan morfologi bunga yang mendukung kemampuan persilangan alami serta tahan terhadap patogen hawar daun bakteri. Dalam proses produksi benih, kelemahan GMJ baru berupa malai pendek dan tertutup oleh daun bendera dapat diatasi melalui penyemprotan GA3 untuk meningkatkan persilangan alami. GMJ baru dengan tipe sitoplasma yang berbeda memiliki potensi produksi benih yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan IR58025A dan dapat digunakan dalam pengembangan padi hibrida. GMJ dengan sitoplasma Kalinga dan Gambiaca dapat digunakan untuk antisipasi terhadap kerapuhan genetik, karena dapat menghasilkan hibrida berheterosis tinggi.
Hibrida turunan GMJ tipe WA menghasilkan heterosis berkisar antara 32,22 – 41,15% terhadap varietas Inpari13 (cek inbrida terbaik), sedangkan dibandingkan Hipa6 Jete (cek hibrida terbaik), hibrida tersebut menghasilkan kelebihan hasil 25,35 – 33,81%. Hibrida turunan Gambiaca memberikan kelebihan hasil sebesar 15,49 – 36,61% dan 9,48 – 29,50% berturut- turut terhadap Inpari13 dan Hipa6 Jete. Hibrida yang dibentuk oleh GMJ tipe Kalinga menghasilkan heterosis berkisar antara 14,61 – 26,45% dan 8,65 – 19,88% berturut-turut terhadap Inpari13 dan Hipa6 Jete. Hibrida yang menghasilkan bobot hasil tertinggi pada kelompok turunan GMJ tipe WA adalah BI485A/IR53942 (10,21 t/ha). Bobot hasil tertinggi pada kelompok turunan GMJ tipe Gambiaca ditunjukkan oleh BI855A/SMD11 (9,88 t/ha), sedangkan pada kelompok turunan GMJ tipe Kalinga ditunjukkan oleh BI665A/IR53942 (9,15 t/ha).
Saran
Ketahanan GMJ baru teridentifikasi terhadap penyakit hawar daun bakteri saja, sehingga perlu dilakukan pengujian ketahanan GMJ terhada hama dan penyakit tropis lainnya. Potensi produksi benih GMJ tipe Gambiaca (BI855A) perlu diteliti kembali dalam plot yang lebih luas pada musim yang tepat agar tidak terjadi halangan non teknis sehingga diperoleh informasi potensi produksi benih GMJ tersebut secara akurat.
GMJ tipe Kalinga dan Gambiaca belum optimal dalam menghasilkan hibrida potensi hasil tinggi karena belum tersedia galur pemulih kesuburan spesifik bagi kedua GMJ baru tersebut. Karena itu perlu dilakukan identifikasi terhadap galur-galur lokal maupun galur-galur inbrida unggulan untuk merakit galur pemulih kesuburan bagi kedua GMJ tersebut. Perlu dikaji dan diidentifikasi gen yang berperan dalam memulihkan kesuburan GMJ tipe Kalinga. Hibrida yang telah teridentifikasi berpotensi hasil dan memiliki heterosis tinggi, perlu diuji kembali pada pengujian daya hasil yang lebih luas, sehingga dapat dilakukan seleksi terhadap kombinasi terbaik.
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Derived from Three Cytoplasm Sources and Its Use on Hybrid Rice Breeding. Under direction of BAMBANG S. PURWOKO as chairman, HAJRIAL ASWIDINNOOR and ISWARI S. DEWI as members of the advisory committee.
Hybrid rice is an alternative technology to increase lowland rice productivity. In Indonesia, hybrid rice was developed through three line system that involved three parental lines i.e. cytoplasmic male sterile lines (CMS), maintainer (B) and Restorer (R). CMS as seed parent should have high pollen sterility, be stable, easy to restore, good in agro-morphology and flower behavior, high in combining ability and resistant to pest and diseases.
Intensive use of single source of male sterile cytoplasm (i.e. wild abortive or WA) in developing rice hybrids might lead to genetic vulnerability associated with susceptibility to pests and diseases.A series of experiments were conducted to identify new CMS from three cytoplasm sources (WA, Gambiaca and Kalinga) with high pollen sterility, stable and easy to restore. CMS efectivity on seed production and hybrid rice breeding were studied.
The results showed that among doubled haploid population,panicle weight had thelargest contribution to grain weight per hill, as shown by high and positive direct effect value (0.7739) and indirect effect value through number of filled grain per panicle (0.6556), therefore the characters could be usedfor selection of good maintainer lines. H36-3-Mb, H36-3-Mc, H36-4-M, H45-3-Da, B1-2-Pb and B2-2- Pb were suitable to be used as new maintainer candidates related to their high number of filled grain and yield. Doubled haploid of B1-1-Mb, B2-1-Db and B2-1- M were resistant to Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) strain III. B4-1-Dc line was very resistant (score 0) to BLB strain IV and VIII.
Six CMS of wild abortive types, one CMS of Gambiaca and three Kalinga types were bred through successive backcrosses. The three types of CMS lines were semi dwarf and having better flowering characters than the check line. The good flowering behavior of the new CMS lines improved seed set up to 25.90% compared to 2.98% of seed set in IR58025A. The new CMS were more effective and easier in its seed production. Phenotype obstacles such as low panicle exertion and short panicle length were improved through GA3 spraying. It increased the yield of seed.
The three types of CMS had spesific combining ability to many restorers and yielded high yielding hybrid combination with good heterosis. The results indicated that the yield of hybrids were controlled by overdominant, dominant x dominantor epistasis gene activity. The best hybrid was derived from WA cytoplasm i.e. BI485A/IR53942 (10.21 t/ha), while the best hybrid derived from Gambiaca cytoplasm was BI625A/SMD11 (9.88 t/ha). BI665A/IR53942 was the best hybrid derived from Kalinga cytoplasm, yielded up to 9.15 t/ha.
It can be concluded that new CMS derived from WA, Gambiaca and Kalinga cytoplasm were more efective on seed production and hybrid rice development because of their good flower behaviour, resistance to BLB and good specific combiner with restorers.
Keywords: cytoplasmic male sterile lines, wild abortive, gambiaca, kalinga, seed production, hybrid rice
PENDAHULUAN
Latar BelakangKebutuhan terhadap pangan khususnya beras, semakin meningkat sejalan dengan pertambahan jumlah penduduk, sedangkan usaha diversifikasi pangan berjalan lambat. Jumlah penduduk pada tahun 2010, 2015 dan 2020 diprediksikan akan mencapai 235 juta, 249 juta dan 263 juta jiwa. Oleh karena itu laju produksi padi nasional harus terus ditingkatkan. Pada tahun 2009 produksi padi nasional mencapai 64,4 juta ton gabah kering giling (GKG) atau meningkat 6,83% dibandingkan tahun 2008. Namun pada tahun 2010, peningkatan produksi padi nasional lebih rendah, hanya mencapai 2,45% dibandingkan tahun 2009 (BPS 2010). Hal ini disebabkan banyaknya bencana kekeringan, banjir dan juga tingkat serangan hama dan penyakit yang tinggi.
Teknologi padi hibrida yang memanfaatkan gejala heterosis merupakan salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan produktivitas padi di Indonesia. Padi hibrida menghasilkan pertambahan produktivitas mendekati 15-20% lebih tinggi dibanding varietas padi komersial terbaik. China telah sukses mengaplikasikan teknologi padi hibrida. Area yang ditanami padi hibrida di China saat ini terhitung lebih dari 50% dari total area padi. P
enggunaan padi hibrida di China mampu
meningkatkan produksi padi total dari 128 juta ton menjadi 189 juta ton,
walau terjadi penurunan luas lahan padi dari 36,5 juta ha pada 1975
menjadi 29,2 juta ha pada 2007. Peningkatan produktivitas pada periode
tersebut sangat besar yaitu dari 3,5 t/ha menjadi 6,35 t/ha (FAO 2008).
Budidaya padi hibrida juga mulai dilakukan pada skala luas di banyak negara Asia, seperti India dan Vietnam (You et al. 2006).
Padi hibrida di Indonesia dikembangkan dengan sistem 3 galur, yang melibatkan tiga galur tetua: galur mandul jantan sitoplasma (GMJ/CMS/A), galur pelestari (Maintainer/B), dan galur pemulih kesuburan (Restorer/R). Padi hibrida merupakan generasi F1 hasil persilangan antara galur mandul jantan sebagai tetua betina dengan galur pemulih kesuburan sebagai tetua jantan, sehingga sifat-sifat varietas padi hibrida ditentukan oleh sifat-sifat dari kedua tetuanya (You