• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

5.1.1. Pemanjangan interval QTc berkorelasi positif bermakna dengan derajat disfungsi hati yang dinilai berdasarkan skor Child – Pugh.

5.2.2. Albumin, Kalsium, Kalium berkorelasi negatif bermakna dengan pemanjangan interval QTc

5.2.Saran

5.2.1. Hasil penelitian ini mendukung perlunya pemeriksaan EKG secara rutin pada pasien sirosis hati , khususnya derajat Child – Pugh B

dan C.

5.2.2 . Perlu dilakukan penelitian yang melibatkan subyek lebih banyak dan dengan rancangan serta cara yang lebih baik untuk memperoleh bukti

adanya hubungan pemanjangan interval QTc dengan derajat disfungsi

KEPUSTAKAAN

1. Dimarco JP. Sudden Cardiac Death . In Crawford MH,Eds. Current Diagnostic and Treatment in Cardiology, 2nd edition.New York: The McGraw- Hill Companies 2003;p.352-6.

2. Meyer J,Mehdirad A,Salem B,Kulikowska A, Kulikowska P. Sudden Arrhytmia Death Syndrome : Importance of the Long QT Syndrome. American Family Physician 2003;68:483-486.

3. Zambruni A, Trevisani F, Careceni P, Bernardi M. Cardiac

Electrophysiological Abnormalities in Patients with Cirrhosis. Journal of Hepatology 2006;44:994-1002.

4. Karasu Z, Mindikoglu AL, Van Thiel DH. Cardiovasculer Problems in Cirrhotic Patients. Turk J Gastroenterol 2004;15:126-132.

5. Moller S, Hendriksen JH. Cardiopulmonary Complications in Chronic Liver Disease. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:526-538.

6. Camm AJ, Janse MJ, Roden DM et al. Congenital and Acquired long QT syndrome.Eur Heart J 2000;21:1232-1237.

7. Day CP, James OFW, Butler TJ, Campbell RWF. QT prolongation and sudden cardiac death in patients with alcoholic liver disease. The Lancet 1993;341:1423-1427.

8. Montanez A, Ruskin J, Herbert P, Lamas GA, Hennekens CH. Prolonged QTc Interval and Risks of Total and Cardiovascular Mortality and Sudden Death in the General Population. Arch Interen Med 2004;164:943-947.

9. Furushima H, Chinushi M, Washizuka T, Aizawa Y. Role of Beta-Blockade in Congenital Long QT Syndrome Investigation by Exercise Stress Test. Jpn Circ J 2001;65:654-8.

10. Lustik SJ, Eichelberger JP, Chhibber AK, Bronsther O. Torsade de Pointes During Orthotopic Liver Transplantation. Anesth Analg 1998;87:300-303. 11. Mohamed R, Forsey PR, Davies MK, Neuberger JM. Effect of Liver

Transplantation on QT Interval Prolongation and Autonomic Dysfunction in End-stage Liver disease. Hepatology 1996;23:1128-34.

12. Bernardi M, Calandra S, Colantoni A, et al. Q-T Interval Prolongation in Cirrhosis: Prevalence, Relationship with Severity, and Etiology of the Disease and Possible Pathogenetic Factors. Hepatology 1998;27:28-34. 13. Sherif NE, Edward B, Yin H, Restivo M. The Electrophysiological Mechanism

of Ventricular Arrhytmias in The Long QT Syndrome.Circulation 1996;79:474-492.

14. Viskin S. Long QT Syndrome and Torsade de Pointes. Lancet

1999;354:1625-1633.

15. Ramaswamy K, Hamdan MA. Ischemia, Metabolic Disturbances, and Arrhythmogenesis: Mechanisms and Management. Crit Care Med 2000;28 (Suppl):151-157.

16. Tan HL, Hou CJY, Lauer MR, Sung RJ. Electrophysiologic Mechanisms of The Long QT Interval Syndromes and Torsade de Pointes. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:701-14

17. Rubart M, Zipes DP. Genesis of Cardiac Arrhytmias: Electrophysiological Considerations. In:Braunwald E,Ed. Heart Disease: Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 6thedition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company 2001:p. 659-95

18. Victor WR, Wood MA. Tricyclic Antidepressants, QT Interval Prolongation, and Torsade de Pointes. Psychosomatics 2004;45;371-7.

19. Stivia G, Schwart PJ, Napolitarto C, et al. Risk Stratification in Long – QT Syndrome. N engl J Med 2003;348:866-74

20. Haverkamp W, Camm MJ, Rosen MR. The potential for QT Prolongation and Proarrhythmia by Non- Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Clinical and regulatory Implications.Report on a PolicyConference of The European Society of Cardiology. European Heart Journal 2000;21:1216-1231.

21. Hendrickse MT, Thuluvath PJ, Triger DR. Natural History of Autonomic Neuropathy in Chronic Liver Disease. Lancet 1992;339:1462-64

22. Puthumana L, Chaudhry V, Thuluvath PJ. Prolonged QTc Interval and Its Relationship to Autonomic Cardiovascular Reflexes in Patients with Cirrosis. Journal of Hepatology 2001;35:733-8.

23. Kosar F, Ates F, Sahin I. QT interval Analysis in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease: a prospectif study.Angiology 2007;58 (2):218-224.

24. Keresztes K, Istenes I, Hovarth A,et al. Autonomic and Sensory nerve Dysfunction in Primary Biliary Cirrosis. Word J Gastroenterol 2004;10:3039-43.

25. Oliver MI, Miralles R, Rubies PJ, et al. Autonomic Dysfunction in Patients with Non- Alcoholic Chronic Liver Disease.J Hepatol 1997;26:1242-8.

26. Thuluvath PJ, Triger DR. Autonomic Neuropathy and Chronic Liver Disease. Q J Med 1989;72:737-47

27. Hendrickse MT, Thuluvath PJ, Triger DR. Natural History of Autonomic Neuropathy in Chronic Liver Disease. Lancet 1992;339:1462-64

28. Meller S, Hendriksen JH. Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy: a Pathophysiological Review of Circulatory Dysfunction in Liver Disease. Heart 2002;87:9-15. 29. Zambruni A, Trevisani A, Bernardi M, et al. Effect of chronic beta- blockade

on QT Interval in patients with liver cirrhosis. J. Hepatol 2007: 181948821. 30. Crow RS, Hannan PJ, Folsom AR. Prognostic Significance of Corrected QT

and Corrected JT Interval for Incident Coronary Heart Disease in General Population Sample Stratified by Presence or Absence of Wide QRS Complex. The ARIC Study With 13 Years of Follw-Up. Circ 2003;108:1985-1989.

31. Mirvis DM, Goldberger AL. Electrocardiography. In:Braunwald E,Ed. Heart Disease: Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 6thedition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company 2001:p. 82-122.

32. Puljevic D, Smalcelj A, Durakovic Z, Goldner V. QT Dispersion, Daily Variations, QT Interval Adaptation and Late Potentials as Risk Markers for Ventricular Tachycardia. Eur Heart J 1997;18:1343:1349

33. Okin PM, Devereux RB, Howard BV, Fabsitz RR, Lee ET, Welty TK. Assessment of QT Interval and QT Dispersion for Prediction of All- Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in American Indians . The Strong Heart Study. Circ 2000;101:61-66

34. Darrof RB, Carlson MD. Syncop, Faintness, Dizziness and Vertigo In: B. Kasper, Fauci H, Kasfar DL et al, editors. Harrison,s Principles of Internal Medicine vol I 16th edition, McGraw Hill Medical Publishing Division 2005:p.127-8.

35. Oikarinen L, Nieminen M, Viitasalo M, et al. QRS Duration and QT Interval Predict Mortality in Hypertensive Patients with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. The Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension Study. Hyper 2004;43:1029-34

36. Trevisani F, Sica G, Mainqua P, Caraceni P et al. Normalization of Prolonged QT Interval after Liver Transplantation in Cirrhosis. Hepatology 1996;24:179A.

37. Dahlan MS. Menghitung Besar Sampel. Dalam: Dahlan MS. Besar Sampel Dalam Penelitian Kedokteran dan Kesehatan. Seri 2 Jakarta:PT. Arkanas 2006: hal.19-74.

38. Sherlock S, Dooley J. The Portal Venous System and Portal Hypertension. In: Sherlock S, Dooley J. Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System, 7th edition.London:Blackwell Science 2002:p.147,171.

39. Olgyn JE, Zippes DP. Spesific Arrhytmias: Diagnosis and Treatment . In:Braunwald E,Ed. Heart Disease: Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 6thedition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company 2001:p. 869.

LAMPIRAN 3. MASTER TABEL PENELITIAN

Dokumen terkait