1. Proporsi prevalensi masyarakat yang memiliki tekanan darah ≥140/90 mmHg sebanyak 43,9%, yang sadar memiliki tekanan darah ≥140/90 mmHg sebanyak 25,5%, yang melakukan terapi secara rutin sebanyak 12,6% dan yang tekanan darahnya terkendali sebanyak 1,1%.
2. Responden dengan kelompok umur 60-75 tahun memiliki tekanan darah
≥140/90 mmHg dengan nilai OR 2,76 (95% CI: 2,01-3,77) lebih banyak
dibandingkan responden kelompok umur 40-59 tahun. Namun tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara faktor umur terhadap kesadaran, terapi, dan pengendalian tekanan darah. Faktor aktivitas fisik juga tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna terhadap prevalensi, kesadaran, dan pengendalian tekanan darah responden 40-75 tahun di Kecamatan Kalasan.
B. Saran
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, maka penulis memberikan saran berupa: 1. Penelitian selanjutnya
Peneliti disarankan meneliti lebih lanjut mengenai prevalensi, kesadaran, terapi, dan pengendalian tekanan darah responden dengan melakukan pengukuran tekanan darah lebih dari satu kali untuk mengetahui responden hipertensi atau tidak.
2. Masyarakat
Masyarakat yang memiliki tekanan darah tinggi perlu melakukan pemeriksaan tekanan darah secara rutin minimal satu bulan sekali di puskesmas, rumah sakit atau tempat kesehata lainnya, melakukan terapi secara rutin, dan memperhatikan gaya hidup yang baik sehingga tekanan darah dapat terkendali.
Masyarakat yang tidak memiliki tekanan darah yang tinggi diharapkan memerhatikan beberapa faktor risiko hipertensi, seperti pengaturan aktivitas fisik dan pola makan untuk mencegah terjadi peningkatan tekanan darah.
3. Dinas Kabupaten Sleman
Perlu adanya program penyuluhan kesehatan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai hipertensi dan hubungan faktor umur dan aktivitas fisik terhadap hipertensi, agar masyarakat sadar untuk melakukan pengecekan tekanan darah secara rutin untuk mendeteksi dini dan meningkatkan gaya hidup yang sehat terhadap penyakit hipertensi.
Daftar Pustaka
AHA, 2014, American Heart Association Recommendations for Physical Activity in Adults, American Heart Association, http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/PhysicalActivity/Fitn essBasics/American-Heart-Association-Recommendations-for-Physical-Activity-in-Adults_UCM_307976_Article.jsp, diakses pada tanggal 6 September 2015.
AHA, 2014, Physical Activity and Blood Pressure, American Heart Association, http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/Preve ntionTreatmentofHighBloodPressure/Physical-Activity-and-Blood-Pressure_UCM_301882_Article.jsp, diakses tanggal 25 Juli 2015.
Beevers, D. G., Lip, G. Y. H., O’Brien, E., 2015, ABC of Hypertension, Wiley Blackwell, United Kingdom, pp. 1-9.
Bustan, M. N., 2007, Epidemiologi Penyakit Tidak Menular, Rineka Cipta, Jakarta, hal. 29-38.
Central of Disease Control and Prevention, 2015, Quitting Smoking, http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/cessation/quitting /, diakses pada tanggal 1 Desember 2015.
Chataut, J., Adhikari, R. K., and Sinha, N. P., 2011, The Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Hypertension in Adults Living in Central Development Region of Nepal, KUMJ, 9 (33), 13-8.
Cozza, I. C., Di Sacco, T. H., Salgado, M. C., Dutra S. G, Cesarino, E. J., et al.,
2012, Physical Exercise Improves Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Hypertensive Patients Independently of Angiotensin-Coverting Enzyme Inhibitor Treatment, Hypertens Res, 35(1), 82-7.
Dahlan, M.S., 2009, Besar Sampel dan Cara Pengambilan Sampel, Penerbit Salemba Medika, Jakarta, hal. 41.
Dahlan, M.S., 2014, Statistik untuk Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, Edisi 6, Epidemologi Indonesia, Jakarta, hal. 33, 92, 165, 252.
Davis, M. A., Stewart L., 2005, Hypertension-The Silent Killer Briefing Statement,
Faculty of Public Health, 1, 19-5.
Departemen Kesehatan RI, 2014, Hipertensi, Pusat Data dan Informasi Kementerian Kesehatan RI, Jakarta Selatan, hal. 1, 3-4, 8.
Departemen Kesehatan RI, 2012, Masalah Hipertensi di Indonesia, Departemen Kesehatan RI, http://www.depkes.go.id/article/view/1909/masalah-hipertensi-di-indonesia.html, diakses tanggal 18 Mei 2015.
Eva, P., Haskas, Y., 2014, Faktor Risiko Kejadian Hipertensi pada Pasien yang Berobat di Poliklinik Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Labuang Baji Makasar,
Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Diagnosis, 5(1), 62.
Fagard, R. H., 2011, Exercise Therapy in Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease,
Progress in Cardiovascular Disease, 53(2011), 404-411.
Frerichs, R. R., 2008, Rapid Surveys (unpublished), UCLA Departement of Epidemiology,
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/rapidsurveys/RScourse/RSreadings.html, diakses tanggal 7 September.
Green, J. B., 2010, Physical Activity: The Best Prescription of Hypertension, www.nchpad.org/817/4203/Physical~Activity~~The~Best~Prescription~ for~Hypertension, diakses tanggal 11 Desember 2015.
Gu, D., Reynolds, K., Wu, X., Chen, J., Duan, X., Muntner, P., et al., 2002, Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension in China,
Hypertension, 40, 920-927.
Gujarati, D. N., 2007, Dasar-dasar Ekonometrika, Jilid 1, Penerbit Erlangga, Jakarta, hal. 76-77.
Ha, D. A., Goldberg, R. J., Allison, J. J., Chu, T. H., and Nguyen, H. L., 2013, Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of High Blood Pressure: A Population-Based Survey in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam, PLoS ONE, 8 (6), 1-8.
Heart Foundation, 2014, National Heart Foundation of Australia Physical Activity Recommendations For People With Cardiovascular Disease, National Heart Foundation of Australia, Australia, pp. 1-30.
Kaur, G., Arora, A. S., Jain, V. K., 2012, Comparin Between OMRON HEM-7203 and HEINE GAMMA G5 Sphygmomanometer in Population Survey,
Universal Association of Computer and Electronics Engineers, 349-352. Kementrian Kesehatan RI, 2014, Profil Kesehatan Indonesia Tahun 2013,
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, hal. 7
Kementerian Kesehatan RI, 2013, Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2013, Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, hal. 122-123. Kutnikar, J.V., Basavegowda, M., Kokkada, V., Ashok, N.C., 2014, Prevalence of
Bsavanapura Village, Nanjangud Taluk, South India, Heart India, 2(4), 99-103.
Lawes, C. M. M., Hoorn, S. V., Rodgers, A., 2008, Global Buden of Blood-Pressure-Related Disease 2001, Lancet, 371, 1513-18.
Mancia, G., Fargard, R., Narkiewicz, K., Redόn, J., Zanchetti, A., Bӧhm, M., et al., 2013, The Task Force for The Management of Arterial Hypertension of European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), J Hypertens, 31, 1286.
Malekzadeh, M. M., Etemadi, A., Kamangar, F., Khademi, H., Golozar, A., Islami, F., et al., 2013, Prevalence, Awareness, and Risk Factors of Hypertension in A Large Cohort of Iranian Adult Population, J Hypertens, 31(7), 1364-1371.
MHRA, 2013, Blood Pressure Measurement Devices, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, p. 5.
Muntner, P., Gu, D., Wu, X., Duan, X., Wenqi, G., Whelton, P. K., et al., 2004, Factor Associated With Hypertension Awareness, Treatment, and Control in a Representative Sample of Chinese Population, Hypertension, 43, 578-585.
Musinguzi, G., and Nuwaha, F., 2013, Prevalence, Awareness and Control of Hypertension in Uganda, PLoS ONE, 8(4), e62236.
Mungreiphy, N. K., Kapoor, S., Sinha, R., 2011, Association between BMI, Blood Pressure, and Age Study among Tangkhul Naga Tribal Males of Northeast India, Hindawi Publishing Corporations, 1-6.
NIH, 2012, Who Is at Risk for High Blood Pressure?, http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hbp/atrisk, diakses pada tanggal 25 Juli 2015.
Nwankwo, T., Yoon, S.S., Burt, C.V., Gu, Q., 2013, Hypertension Among Adults in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2012, NCHS Publication, 133, 1-7.
Palatini, P., Visentin, P., Dorigatti, F., Guarnieri, C., Santonastaso, M., Cozzio, S.,
et al., 2009, Regular Physical Activity Prevents Development of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertension, Eur Heart J, 30(2), 225-32. Park, K., 2013, Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 22th ed., Bhanot
Paulina, G., 2014, Prevalensi, Kesadaran, dan Terapi Responden Hipertensi di Dukuh Sembir, Madurejo, Prambanan, Sleman, Yogyakarta (Faktor Kajian Risiko Kesehatan), Skripsi, 1-48, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Yogyakarta, 2015, Upah Minimun Kabupaten/ Kota di
Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, hal 1-3.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia, 2008, Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia No 47 Tahun 2008 Tentang Wajib Belajar, Jakarta, hal 1-12. Pinto, E., 2007, Blood Pressure and Ageing, Postgrad Med J, 83, 109-114.
Pires, J. E., Sebastiao, Y. V., Langa, A. J., Nery, S. V., 2013, Hypertension in Nothern Angola: Prevalence, Associated Factors, Awareness, Treatment, and Control, BMC Public Health, 13(90), 1-10.
Press, V., Freestone, I., George, C. F., 2003, Physical Activity: The Evidence of Benefit in The Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease, Q J Med, 96, 245-251.
Qiao, S., Ye, Q., Dou, Y., Li, M., Kou, Y., Qian, D., et al, 2013, Analysis for Hypertension and Related Risk Factor of Physical Examination Population, Int J Clin Exp Med, 6(9), 785-793.
Riduwan, Rusyana, A., dan Enas, 2013, Cara Mudah Belajar SPSS 17,0 dan Aplikasi Penelitian, Alfabeta, Bandung, hal. 5-12.
Sari, Y. C., 2015, Penggunaan Buah Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) Untuk Menurunkan Tekanan Darah Tinggi, J MAJORITY, 4(3), 34-40.
Saseen, J. J., Maclaughlin, E. J.,Hypertension, in Dipiro, J. T., Talbert, R. L., Yee, G. C., Matzke, G. R., Wells, B. G., Posey, L. M., (Ed.), Pharmacotherapy A Pathophysiologic Approach, 7th ed., Mc-Graw Hill Companies, United States of America, pp. 139-151.
Sawicka, K., Szczyrek, M., Jastrzebska, I., Prasal, M., Zwolak, A., and Daniluk, J., 2011, Hypertension-The Silent Killer, JPCCR, 5 (2), 43-46.
Schwarz, C. J., 2015, Sampling, Course Notes for Beginning and Intermediate Statistics, SFU Statistics & Actuarial Science, http://www.stat.sfu.ca/~cschwarz/CourseNotes, diakses tanggal 7 September 2015.
Setiati, S., 2005, Prevalence of Hypertension without Anti-hypertensive Medications and Its Association with Social Demographic Characteristic Among 40 Year and Above Adult Population in Indonesia, Acta Med Indones-Indones J Intern Med, 37(1), 20-21.
Strom, B.dan Kimmel, S. E., 2006, Textbook of Pharmacoepidemiology, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, England, p. 21-22.
Tandra, A., dan Utama, H., 2001, Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, Balai Penerbit FKUI, Jakarta, hal. 459.
Tee, S. R., Teoh, X. Y., Aiman, W. A. R. W. M., Aiful, A., Har, C. S. Y., Tan, Z. F., et al., 2010, The Prevalence Of Hypertension And Its Associated Risk Factors In Two Rural Communities In Penang, Malaysia , IeJSME, 4(2), 27-40.
Thawornchaisit, P., Looze, F., Reid, C. M., Seubsman, S., Sleigh, A., 2013, Health-Risk Factors and The Prevalence of Hypertension: Cross Sectional Findings from a National Cohort of 87 143 Thai Open University Students, Global Journal of Health Science, 5(4), 1916-9736.
Tsutsumi, A., Kayaba, K., Tsutsumi, K., Igarashi, M., 2001, Association Between Job Strain and Prevalence of Hypertension: A Cross Sectional Analysis in A Japanesse Working Population With A Wide Range of Ocupations: The Jichi Medical School Cohort Study, Occup Environ Med, 58, 367-373. Ursua, R., Aguilar, D., Wyatt, L., Tandon, S. D., Escondo, K., Rey, M., et al., 2013,
Awareness, Treatment and Control of Hypertension Among Filipino Immigrants, J Gen Intern Med, 29(3), 455-62.
U. S Departement of Agriculture (USDA), U. S Departement of Health and Human Services (HHS), 2010, Dietary Guideline for American, 7th ed., U. S Goverment Printing Office, Washington D. C., p. 21.
Varadaraja, R. B. A., Arun, D. J., 2014, Application of The “Rule of Halves” For Hypertension as an Assessment Tool in Urban Slum at Davangere, National Journal of Community Medicine, 5(3), 333-336.
Weber, M. A., Schiffrin, E. L., White, W. B., Mann, S., Lindholm, L. H., Kenerson, J. G., 2013, Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension in the Community A Statement by the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension, The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 1-13.
World Heart Federation, 2015, Hypertension, World Heart Federation,
http://www.world-heart-federation.org/cardiovascular-health/cardiovascular-disease-risk-factors/hypertension/, diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2015.
WHO, 2015, Physical Activity, World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs385/en/, diakses tanggal 25 Juli 2015.
WHO, 2013, Global Brief of Hypertension, World Health Organization, Switzerland, pp. 7, 11.
WHO, 2005, Clinical Guideline for Management of Hypertension, EMRO Technical Publications, Egypt, pp. 48-51.
WHO, 2004, Appropriate Body Mass Index for Asian Populations and Its Implications for Policy and Intervention Strategies, The Lancet, 157-163. Zhao, Y., Yan, H., Marshall, R. J., Dang, S., Yang, R., Li, Q., et al., 2013, Trends
in Population Blood Pressure and Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in a Rural Area of Northwest China from 1982 to 2010, PLoS ONE, 8(4), e61779.