Parts of this chapter have been presented at two conferences (Moscardo, 2005b,c).
References
Akama, J. (1996) Western environmental values and nature-based tourism in Kenya.
Tourism Management 17, 567–574.
Arell, N. (2000) The evolution of tourism in the Tarna Mountains: arena and actors in a periphery. In: Brown, F. and Hall, D. (eds) Tourism in Peripheral Areas: Case Studies.
Channel View, Clevedon, UK, pp. 114–132.
Bingen, J., Serrano, A. and Howard, J. (2003) Linking farmers to markets: different approaches to human capital development. Food Policy 28, 405–419.
Bokor, C. (2001) Community Readiness for Economic Development: Community Readiness Checklist. Food and Rural Affairs Factsheet 01-035. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture (http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/rural/facts/01-033.htm, accessed 20 January 2010).
Botterill, D., Owen, R.E., Emanuel, L., Foster, N., Gale, T., Nelson, C. and Selby, M.
(2002) Perceptions from the periphery: the experience of Wales. In: Brown, F. and Hall, D. (eds) Tourism in Peripheral Areas: Case Studies. Channel View, Clevedon, UK, pp. 7–38.
Bourke, L. and Luloff, A.E. (1996) Rural tourism development: are communities in southwest rural Pennsylvania ready to participate? In: Harrison, L.C. and Husbands, W. (eds) Practicing Responsible Tourism: International Case Studies in Tourism Planning, Policy and Development. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 277–295.
Brooks, S. (2005) Images of ‘Wild Africa’: nature tourism and the (re)creation of Hluhlu-we Game Reserve, 1930–1945. Journal of Historical Geography 31, 220–240.
Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2003) Business Research Methods, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Burns, P. and Sancho, M. (2003) Local perceptions of tourism planning: the case of Cuellar, Spain. Tourism Management 24, 331–339.
Chakravarty, I. (2003) Marine ecotourism and regional development: a case study of the proposed marine park at Malvan, Maharashtra, India. In: Garrod, B. and Wilson, J.
The Role of Knowledge in Good Governance for Tourism 79
(eds) Marine Ecotourism: Issues and Experiences. Channel View, Clevedon, UK, pp. 177–197.
Douglas, D. (2003) Grounded theories of management. Management Research News 26(5), 44–52.
Dredge, D. and Moore, S. (1992) A methodology for the integration of tourism in town planning. Journal of Tourism Studies 3, 8–21.
Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989) Building theories from case study research. Academy of Manage-ment Review 14(4), 532–550.
Gartner, W. (1996) Tourism Development: Principles, Processes and Policies. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Glaser, B. and Strauss, A. (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.
Graham, J., Amos, B. and Plumptre, T. (2003) Principles for Good Governance in the 21st Century. Policy Brief No. 15. Institute on Governance, Ottowa.
Gunn, C.A. (2002) Tourism Planning: Basics, Concepts, Cases, 4th edn. Routledge, New York.
Hall, C.M. (2000) Tourism Planning: Policies: Processes and Relationships. Prentice-Hall, London.
Hall, C.M. (2003) Politics and place: an analysis of power in tourism communities. In:
Singh, S., Timothy, D.J. and Dowling, R.W. (eds) Tourism in Destination Communi-ties. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 99–113.
Hall, C.M. (2005) Tourism: Rethinking the Social Science of Mobility. Pearson, Harlow, UK.
Herbert-Cheshire, L. and Higgins, V. (2004) From risky to responsible: expert knowledge and the governing of community-led rural development. Journal of Rural Studies 20, 289–302.
Hezri, A.A. and Dovers, S. (2005) Sustainability indictors, policy and governance: issues for ecological economics. Ecological Economics 60, 86–99.
Higgins-Desboilles, F. (2006) More than an ‘industry’: the forgotten power of tourism as a social force. Tourism Management 27, 1192–1208.
Johnson, H. and Wilson, G. (2000) Biting the bullet: civil society, social learning and the transformation of local governance. World Development 28(11), 1891–1906.
Keogh, B. (1990) Public participation in community tourism planning. Annals of Tourism Research 17, 449–465.
McGregor, J. (2005) Crocodile crimes: people versus wildlife and the politics of postcolo-nial conservation on Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. Geoforum 36, 353–369.
Moscardo, G. (2005a) Peripheral tourism development: challenges, issues and success factors. Tourism Recreation Research 30(1), 27–43.
Moscardo, G. (2005b) Exploring social representations of tourism: analysing drawings of tourism. Paper presented at the 9th Biennial Meeting of the International Academy of Tourism Scholars, Beijing, China, July.
Moscardo, G. (2005c) Contested visions of tourism: social representations of tourism development. Paper presented at the 2nd ATLAS Africa Conference, Mombasa, Kenya, February.
Moscardo, G. (2008) Sustainable tourism innovation: challenging basic assumptions.
Tourism and Hospitality Research 8(1), 4–18.
Palmer, A. (1998) Evaluating the governance style of marketing groups. Annals of Tourism Research 25, 185–201.
Patton, E. and Appelbaum, S.H. (2003) The case for case studies in management research. Management Research News 26(5), 60–71.
Pearce, P.L., Moscardo, G. and Ross, G. (1996) Tourism Community Relationships.
Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.
80 G. Moscardo
Reid, D., Mair, H. and George, W. (2004) Community tourism planning: a self-assessment instrument. Annals of Tourism Research 31, 623–639.
Riege, A.M. (2003) Validity and reliability tests in case study research. Qualitative Market Research 6(2), 75–86.
Sammy, J. (2008) Examples of effective techniques for enhancing community understanding of tourism. In: Moscardo, G. (ed.) Building Community Capacity for Tourism Development. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 75–85.
Scheyvens, R. (2003) Local involvement in managing tourism. In: Singh, S., Timothy, D.J. and Dowling, R.W. (eds) Tourism in Destination Communities. CAB Interna-tional, Wallingford, UK, pp. 229–252.
Simmons, D. (1994) Community participation in tourism planning. Tourism Management 15, 98–108.
Slater, M.D., Edwards, R.W., Plested, B.A., Thurman, P.J., Kelly, K.J., Comello, M.L.G.
and Keefe, T.J. (2005) Using community readiness key informant assessments in a randomized group prevention trial: impact of a participatory community-media intervention. Journal of Community Health 30, 39–54.
Stronza, A. (2008) Partnerships for tourism development. In: Moscardo, G. (ed.) Building Community Capacity for Tourism Development. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 101–115.
Timothy, D. (1999) Participatory planning: a view of tourism in Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research 26, 371–391.
Timothy, D. and Tosun, C. (2003) Appropriate planning for tourism in destination communities: participation, incremental growth and collaboration. In: Singh, S., Timothy, D.J. and Dowling, R.W. (eds) Tourism in Destination Communities. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 181–204.
Tosun, C. (1998) Roots of unsustainable tourism development at the local level: the case of Urgup in Turkey. Tourism Management 19, 595–610.
Tosun, C. (2000) Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries. Tourism Management 21, 613–633.
Tosun, C. (2005) Stages in the emergence of a participatory tourism development approach in the developing world. Geoforum 36, 333–352.
Trousdale, W.J. (1999) Governance in context: Boracay Island, Philippines. Annals of Tourism Research 26, 840–867.
Upchurch, R. and Teivane, U. (2000) Resident perceptions of tourism development in Riga, Latvia. Tourism Management 21, 499–507.
Voss, C., Tsikriktis, T. and Frohlich, M. (2002) Case research in operations management.
International Journal of Operations and Production Management 22(2), 195–220.
Part II
This page intentionally left blank
© CAB International 2011. Tourist Destination Governance: Practice, Theory and Issues
(eds E. Laws et al.) 83
This chapter provides an introduction to Part II, with a focus on the complexity, dynamics and infl uences of decision making in the context of tourist destination governance. As with most organizations, public or private, decision making holds the key to effectiveness in governance. Developments related to tourist destina-tions may be distinctive and contentious in nature and may involve complicated and arduous processes in reaching a decision.
The study of decision making has also been pursued over many years (Allport, 1956, as cited in Elbing, 1972; Tannenbaum, 1971; Polya, 1945, as cited in Baron, 1994) and within various disciplines, including psychology, social psychology, economics, mathematical statistics, operations research, planning, political science, management, organizational behaviour, artifi cial intelligence and cognitive science (Jabes, 1982; Wexley and Yuki, 1984; Simon, 1992;
Moorhead and Griffi n, 1995). Edwards and Newmand (1986) indicate that arti-cles about either the study of judgement or decision making have appeared in more than 500 journals.
A number of authors have looked at decision making and the decision-making process with relevance to governance (Friend and Jessop, 1971; Butler and Waldbrook, 1991; Jackson and O’Donnell, 1993). Aspects of decision mak-ing receivmak-ing attention relative to governance have included: the informal versus formal nature of decision making (Resource Assessment Commission, 1993);
those who participate in decision making (Davis and Weinbaum, 1969); infl u-ence and behaviour in decision making (Wild, 1983); the variability and dynamic nature of regional destination decision making (Healy and Zinn, 1985); the major factors in understanding how individuals interact and relate during the decision-making processes (Davis, 1980); inclusion (Wheeler and Sillanpää, 1998) and the degree of openness in the decision-making process (Bains, as cited in Haynes, 1980; Shroff, 1993).
There are also a number of personal and external factors involved in decision making. Hunt et al. (1989) acknowledge the importance of beliefs,