REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Previous Related Research Findings
4. Picture Composition a. Picture
1) The Understanding of Picture
Visual helps are one of the instructing helps utilized for instruction, hone and testing. Able to appear things that can not be clarified in basic words. The picture plays an vital part as an elective educating aid in teaching nenglish. The educator gives a picture, and after that she inquires the understudies almost it. The picture is simple to be found by all individuals. Through pictures, the students can hone creating their thoughts. The utilize of pictures is an great method to assist understudies get it different perspectives of the outside dialect.
The picture has persuadee the understudies and made the subject clearer to get it and outlined the common thought of an question response that‟s specific to a
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culture. It can offer assistance create different other required abilities such as visual segregration, consideration to detail, and expansive of concepts. Pictures are flexible and valuable assets for instructing perspectives of linguistic use that require a structure meaning coordinate. Curiously or engaging pictures motivate understadies to reply in ways that more schedule instructing helps, such as a reading material or a sentence on the board, can not (Hie, 2007).
Pictures can too be utilised in different setups to upgrade learning and hone. Understudies get it and hold the meaning of a word way better when they have seen a few question related with it. For this reason, the instructor ought to uncover the understudy to a real-life circumstence. As pictures and their pictures are more striking than words, they are simpler to review than words (Yuterlus,2013).
Instrutors have continuously utilized pictures or design, whether drawn from books, daily papers, magazines, or photos, to encourage learning. The picture can be within the frame of flashcard (smallish cards which we are able hold up for our understudies to see), huge divider picture (huge sufficient for everybody to see detail), signal cards (little cards which understudies utilized in a matchor bunch work), photo or outline. The picture most habitually serves to assist the peruser‟s roughly words in typical perusing circumstances. Amid the starting stages of perusing, especially as an approach to present words, picture clues are valuable in genuine word distinguishing proof. Pictures are sorts of visual instruction materials that could be utilized more viably to create and
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maintain positive english instructing ststes of mind or fortify dialect abilities. A few specialists clarified pictures (Yuterlus,2013) as take after:
Wright (1989) states that pictures as media can motivate students, make the subject they are dealing with clearer, and illustrate the general idea and forms of an object or action particular to a culture.
In Oxford advanced learner" s dictionary, "Picture is a painting, drawing, sketch, especially as a work of art." It "s means that using pictures can be created in many ways like painting, drawing, sketch or photography to deliver the object of studies.
The author summarizes that picture has numerous implications. The picture is characterized as a drawing, a portray, or photo, an picture of somebody or something. The meaning of picture can propel showing a sequent of even, story and thing just like the real-life, which could be utilized more successfully to create and maintain inspiration in creating positive demeanor toward english and to reach strengthen dialect expertise.”
2) The Types of Picture
According to Morgan, there are some types of the picture as their shapes:
a) Wall Charts
Wall charts illustrate the aspect of a topic. On one chart, use may be made of photographs, artists' drawings, symbols, graphs, and text.
b) Wall Picture
A Wall picture is simply a large illustration of a scene or event, a set of scenes or events. It is usually to be used with the whole class. Wall-pictures,
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which details large enough for the entire class to see, maybe used in places such as clouds, the sea, mountains, the sun, and the sky, which are impossible to bring into the classroom.
c) Flash Cards
I. Word flashcards, the card with printed words on them, can help up rapidly;
the cards can be used to demonstrate exactly what the teacher wishes.
II. Picture flashcards, useful for representing a single concept, such as an object or an action.
d) Work Cards
Include visual and text magazine pictures, drawings, maps, and diagrams can be important parts or work cards at all levels, used for various purposes. As it has been stated above, many types of pictures could be used as media and cloud be taken from anywhere, such as magazines, newspaper, etc. where each type of pictures have their uses that could be applied to the students, so it is important for the teacher that using picture is to understand well which picture can be used for their students.
2) The Criteria of Good Picture
The teacher should have the ability to convey good material to the students when he/she teaches in class, and the teacher needs some media to make students easier for students to understand the material. The picture is one of the visual media that teachers used in the teaching process. To have a good result and, of course, to know the effectiveness of picture in terms of vocabulary teaching and
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learning, the writer also needs to know good criteria of good pictures that been used in the research (Yuterlu,2013).
According to MAC M, Ramirez, the pictures should be directly relevant to a specific teaching objective and should be identified by the lesson with which it is to be used. Besides that, the pictures should be simple graphic and easy to use or manipulate. The MAC M, Ramirez‟s statement can be applied as a colourful drawing simple technique, and if we take a picture, it has to be relevant to the theme and easy to understand by the students. The teacher should have the ability to convey good material to the students when he/she teaches in the class, and the teacher needs some media to make students easier in understanding material, the picture is one of the visual media that teacher used in the teaching process.
According to Andrew Wright, there are some criteria for selecting good pictures for the students, such as:
a. The aid must be easy to prepare and organize by the teacher b. The aid must be interesting for students
c. The aid must be an excellent point of view and a sufficient amount of language d. The aid must fit in the best principles of education.
Based on the explanation above, the good picture criteria should be clear and big enough to see, and choosing or selecting a picture is needed to be appropriated with the knowledge of the students and related to the topic discussed.
b. Composition
1) The Understanding of composition
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At www.brainly.co.id composition is related arrangement balance, unity, rhythm, and inner harmony a work of art. A good snape picture should be paying attention to the composition so that the picture is made can produce a balanced impression, united, rhythmic, and in harmony.
a) Balance
Balance is a depiction of objects that gives the impression of balance between the parts, meaning not impressed heavy on one side and light.
b) Unity
Unity is a depiction of objects that give the impression of the unity of the elements integrated. Unity means cohesiveness from parts of the image, not impressed as split or separate
c) Rhythm (rhythm)
Rhythm is a depiction of objects that give the impression of movement with a groove regular. The rhythmic image will be felt pleasing to the eye, with a picture dishevelled and unclear object settings.
d) Alignment (harmony)
Alignment is a depiction of objects that give the impression of conformity between one part with another part of an object, or one object with another object combined. Perspective Objects that are located closer to eyesight appear larger in size than objects located far from eyesight. The farther the object will disappear from eyesight (towards a point), for example when looking at a railroad track. The railroad tracks are the same size, but the rail will be narrowed and headed to one point because of the impression of eye gaze.
18 c. Picture composition
1) Definition
In Pradipta (2016) Picture Composition is one type of guide. The researcher should teach picture composition very carefully because the student has to develop the skill of observation and then only they have to arrange their ideas in proper sequence using correct vocabulary and frame grammatically correct sentence (Patel. M.F. & Jain P.M. 2008:128).
In edition based on picture composition, the authors concluded that picture composition from Edu (2012), is an exercise where you describe a picture by writing meaningful sentences. Thus, picture composition involves writing a few meaningful sentences or a paragraph, on a given picture. It allows you to frame sentences and form stories on your own. Picture composition involves writing sentences based on a given or set of pictures. A picture composition requires the writer to carefully observe the given picture and describe it in a story or composition with meaningful sentences. There are two kinds of pictures on which a composition:
a) A single picture with many elements.
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Figure 2.1
b) Many pictures having a common element.
Figure 2.2
Before beginning writing picture composition a paragraph, we need to:
a) Carefully observe the picture.
b) Ask questions and note down the answers or observations to these question.
c) Arrange the observations as points in a logical order.
d) Write meaningful sentences to form a composition.
e) Write a title to the composition based on the main theme of the picture.
f) Begin the paragraph away from the margin.
g) Remember to write picture composition in past tense only.
Iken Edu (2012) 2) Benefit To Use Picture Composition
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The instructor ought to spur the understudies within the teaching-learing handle by giving some interisting materials. It may be a great idea to instruct what kind of writing understudies are likely to ought to do in english within the future and what kind of subject and errand they will appreciate. Harmer (2004) contends that this will offer assistance the instructor to select composing errands either since understudies require them or since they are likely to be persuaded by them since the assignments are locks in themselves. An locks in composing errand includes understudies not fair learned people but sincerly as well. To form an locks in composing assignment, the educator ought to give a jolt to energize the understudies to compose. The jolt can be pictures for those who are invigorated by visual input.
Pictures contribute to instructing dialect. Emphaizing in instructing, pictures can be incitement for piciking up the thought. A few things within the picture can construct students‟ lexicon dominance by saying a few objects. The vocabularies can offer assistance understudies to build the section to type in.
There are a assortment of exercises can be made by utilizing picture.
Wright (1989) clarifies that indialect learning pictures can contribute to intrigued and inspiration, a sense of setting, and more spurred since pictures give the common fabric that the understudies can watch and distinguish. It is in line with Akbari's (2008) statement that picture can motivate students and nowadays, motivation is an important factor in learning everything. Pictures are also contextual in which a teacher can draw a certain situation on them. Pictures bring the outside world into the classroom in a concrete way. They can improve
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students' stimulus because after observing the picture, they will immediately need the vocabularies, idiom, and sentence structures to discuss or explain what they see.
Writing products which are accompanied with pictures will make the readers more interested. Dils (2009) says that this is interesting to open a beautifully illustrated book and beautifully written. The harmony between the written and the visual will be able to inspire and entertain the readers. It can be concluded that pictures also contribute to inspiring and entertaining.
The picture is one of the visual helps utilized by the instructor to assist memorize. Employing a picture in composing movement can offer assistance produce and capture plenty of thoughts, which people can at that point adjust or select from to their backstories (Bearne and Wolstenscroft). Raimes citied in Akbari (2008) states that pictures can offer assistance teachers and understudies educate and learn lexicon and other dialect components. Moreover, a picture can offer assistance understudies to assume the genuine protest. As Krashen (1982) pointed out in Wright (1989), in EFL instructing, pictures are considered an proficient device for restricted English capability learners to extend their comprehension. It can be concluded that the picture is exceptionlly. It can be concluded that the picture is exceptionally supportive for the instructor and the understudies in educating and learning composing for its benefits.
Wright (1989: 17) cites a few parts for pictures in profitable skills.
a) Pictures can persuade the understudy and make them need to pay consideration and need to require part.
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b) Pictures contribute to the setting in which the dialect is being utilized.
c) The picture can be described objectively („this could be a train.‟) or deciphered („it‟s likely a nearby train.‟) or reacted to subjectively („i like voyaging by train.‟).
d) Pictures can prompt reactions to questions or prompt substituations through controlled hone.
e) Pictures can invigorate and give data to be alluded to in discussion, dialog, and storytelling.
f) Help in composing significant sentences.
5. Writing