CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
B. Theoretical Background
1. Pragmatics
23 which reflects relation of vertical dimension including old-young relation, honorific language social status etc.
In this research, instead of analyzing the honorific expression based on social factors (demography) the researcher also analyze the honorific expression based on the culturally (ethnography) which focused on the acknowledgement elitism by self-reference of the Actor (achiever groups) of communication in real live.
B. Theoretical Background
24 knowledge and on the context of the utterance of the speaker and listener in any social-cultural factors.
The term of pragmatics firstly introduced by Charles Morris (1935) distinguished three distinct branches of inquiry: syntactic (or syntax), being the study of formal relation of signs to one another. Semantics is “the relationship of the signs to the objects to which the sign are applicable.
And pragmatic is the study of the relation of signs to the interpreters,”
(Levinsion, 1983: 1). It can be said that pragmatic is a science in linguistic and also as a competence of using language in appropriate context.
Suyono (1990: 3) also stated that pragmatics is a science as semantics and syntactic, and it is also as a competence or skill of using the language based on the determined communicative act like; who talk to whom, what is it about, when and how the communication is taking place.
The concept of pragmatic above is similar with Crystal (1985: 240) stated “pragmatics is the study of language from the point of view of users, especially of the choices they make, the constrain they encounter in using language as social interaction and affects their use of language has on other participants in the act of communication. In other words, pragmatic is the study of communication in its social-cultural context”.
All explanations of pragmatic above discuss the ability of language users to match utterances with contexts. Pragmatics is the study of linguistics acts and the contexts in which they are performed. Pragmatic rules for language use are often neglected or disobeyed. Even some
25 members of society are often unaware of pragmatic rules until they destroy the communicative norms and rules like breaking the communicative intimacy communication. Affecting hurt feelings, arising odd acts, and offense condition which all points may hinder the communication process.
Bachman’s model of communicative competence in Kasper (1994:
1) refers to model of language competence which is subdivided into two competences; ‘organizational competence’ and ‘pragmatic competence’.
Organizational competence comprises knowledge of linguistic units and roles of joining them together at the level of sentence (grammatical competence) and discourse (textual competence), while pragmatic competence comprises of illocutionary competence and sociolinguistic competence. Illocutionary competence can be glossed as knowledge of communicative action and how to carry it out, and sociolinguistic competence comprises the ability to use linguistic appropriately according to context. It includes the ability to select communicative acts and appropriate strategies to implement them depending on the current
‘conversational contract’.
Conversational is an oral language event performed by two or more participants in enjoyable condition. Here, the participants are joined together building conversational cooperative principles to yield functional language events. To support the creation of functional language events, according to Suyono (1990: 17), there are five principles of conversation should be taken into account, (i) how to attract the participants attention,
26 (ii) how to start the conversation, (iii) how to end conversation, (iv), how to interrupt or cutting the conversation, and (v) how to correct the errors in the conversation. All of these statements were applied in teaching for language acquisition but specific in sociopragmatic whose meaning
‘pointing’ via language is called diexis.
Deixisis a technical terms (from Greek) whose meaning is ‘pointing’
via language and constitute the most basic thing human do with language.
In addition, any linguistics form used to accomplish this ‘pointing’ is called a deictic expression or indexical, Yule (2002:9). Proximal terms indicate
‘near speaker’. For example, ‘now’ referring to some point or period in time by the speaker’s utterance occurs at its center. Distal terms can purely indicate ‘away from speaker’. In Sasak language, diexis is quietly similar like what occurs in Japanese, the pronunciation of ‘that’ will make out between that near speaker ‘iyak’ /Iyak/, near addressee ‘iku’ /IkU/ and distant from both speaker and addressee ‘tauh’ /taUh/.
In many languages, these deictic categories of speaker, addressee, and other (s) are distinguished by markers of relative social status.
Expressions that indicate higher social status are described as honorifics, Yule (2002:12-3). The social status in term of respect, the deictic categories as referring expression also contribute to the selection of reference used by speaker to addressee or vice versa.
There are two aspects which build up the deixis in social status expression or honorific are cooperation and implicature. Cooperation is the
27 accessing point for making sense of what is communicated, by mean that cooperation is the only way for communication becomes successful, Yule (2002:35). Saying fact is only a starting point for making what is said. For example, I have a laptop (in fact, I have a laptop). Otherwise, it will give different presupposition when I say ‘laptop is laptop’ or ‘business is business’ or ‘my brother will be my brother’ and so forth. This is
‘tautologies’, what speaker wants to communicate in this expression must be more than what is uttered. In view of the interlocutor or listener, that something must be more than just what the expressions are always true, no matter which situation you utter them in words. If there is an additional meaning of what is being communicated is called implicature, it occurs only in view of listener interpretation. In relation to that, there are some basic cooperative principles.
Implicature is a component of speaker meaning that constitutes an aspect of what is meant in a speaker's utterance without being part of what is said. What a speaker intends to communicate is characteristically far richer than what she directly expresses; linguistic meaning radically underdetermines the message conveyed and understood. Speaker tacitly exploits pragmatic principles to bridge this gap and counts on hearer to invoke the same principles for the purposes of utterance interpretation (see Horn (2007) in Implicature: The Handbook of Pragmatics: Blackwell Reference Online). In communication we sometimes infer or conclude
28 based not only on what said, but also on assumptions about what speaker is trying to achieve.
Presupposition on word ‘drawer’ is true for both of them. However, when Takeshi asks Vivian with ‘Can I see inside your drawer?’ and Vivian slaps her hand in his face is unexpected thing occurs for Takeshi. From Vivian’s perspectives, Takeshi is impertinent. While Takeshi himself, does not accept on Vivian’s action in responding his question. Socio-cultural must be on account. In Vivian’s understanding, Takeshi wants to see something inside her panties she wears at the present. She thinks that Takeshi has just done sexual harassment. Moreover, the expressions of
“drawer” cannot be accepted in her culture if it is uttered in front of a female.
Based on the explanations above, in communication there will principle; cooperative principle must be regarded. Communicative principle at least elaborated into principles called maxims. These sub-principles make our conversational contribution such as is essential, at the stage at which it occurs, by accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which we are engaged (Grice (1975), the maxims (hedges) overwhelm; Quantity: Contribution must be as informative as is required (for current purpose of the exchange). Qualityis making our contribution one that is true. Relation (Be relevant) and Manner (be perspicuous);
avoid obscurity of expression, avoid ambiguity, be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity or to the point, be orderly.
29