CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
B. Theoretical Background
7. Sasak People
54 Whether they are being politic or polite and impolite/lie, it will be determined by language politeness which is in typed of ego’s standing with respect to alter, i. e. making other people have better opinion of one self.
The type of politic verbal will be possible done by Sasak people’s achieved social status in language politeness.
55 Meanwhile, Mahsun (2006), declared the dialect of Sasak into four dialects which is taken from ending vowel of each words, dialect a-a (around Rinjani north Bayan influenced by Balinese), dialect a-â (Gerung at west Lombok, a half of central Lombok and east part of West Lombok start from Suralaga, Dasan Lekong and Padamara to the west part. Dialect â-â is (around Selong, Rumbuk, Pringgabaya, and Sakra as the contra cultural). And the last, dialect is a-ﬤ (dialect Aik Bukaq in the Central Lombok. These ending vowel are available in words; pada and mata.
Here,
Both the statements indicated that Sasak People are bilingual or bidialectal. Mahyuni concerned on the different of demonstrative that was famous conventionally among Sasak Community and Mahsun concerned on the totality of different ending vowel of the words among Sasak Community. Both of them are correct culturally, scientifically or linguistically but researcher agreed to Mahyuni’s statement which is very famous among Sasak People culturally.
Instead of the dialects above, Sasak language has the language levels which are divided into five. According to Mahsun (2006), “bahasa kasar (vulgar language), bahasa biasa (the ordinary/common language), bahasa alus (refined language), bahasa utama (the more polite language), dan bahasa linggih (the most polite language). Pertain to my research observation; whole of Mahsun’s findings of Sasak Speech level can be simplified into three levels of Sasak language. These are base Sasak
56 Biase (the ordinary language which is used by common people), Base Alus biasa (refined language which is used by Sasak people who owned the achievement status) and base Alus Dalam (the most polite/refined language which is used by Datu/ Menaq).
The Variety of Sasak dialects is due to social stratification. Sasak stratifications are Jajar Karang, madya and utama. All of these social stratifications as the speakers of Sasak language are influenced by Balinese and Javanese Empire. According to Pelras:
“On Lombok there were a number of Sasak kingdoms which were frequently in conflict. It was probably at this time that the Sasaks adopted a caste system and an aristocracy modeled on the Javanese court (see Section 3 below), and began to be influenced by Hindu-Buddhist cultural concepts and practices, including literacy,” (Pelrasin Austin. 2010:32)
The quotation above indicated that Sasak stratifications are similar to caste system of Hindu-Bali and aristocracy of Javanese court. Some of the cultural events have been influenced by Hindu-cultural concept and practices. For instance the alphabet of Sasak hana-caraka and the elopement system with are adopted from Balinese and Javanese culture.
The variety of dialect cannot be separated from historical factors, Husnan stated that:
“Perbedaan atau variasi dialek bahasa Sasak tidak bisa lepas dari factor kesejarahan … .Antara kerajaan yang satu dengan yang lainnya memiliki otonomi sendiri. Kondisi tersebut menyebabkan sering terjadinya pergolakan diantara mereka”(Husnan.2008: 28).
The disharmonic of Lombok Kingdoms raised the fanaticism and loyalty to their language. These cases influenced the refined vocabularies
57 (kosa kata Alus) external innovation and totally borrowed from the other languages which are Bali and Java languages included in it Kawi and Bahasa Indonesia. The evidences of Bali and Java influence in Base Sasak Alus. Sasak Alus language is very numerous. Husnan stated:
“….. Artinya tanah asal dan migrasi kosa kata alus bahasa Sasak berasal dari tiga bahasa. Bahasa-bahasa yang dimaksud ialah Bali, Jawa, dan Indonesia. Dari ketiga bahasa tersebut, pada tingkatan alus serapan dari bahasa Bali paling dominan (50,7%), serapan dari bahasa Jawa sedang (41%), dan serapan dari bahasa Indonesia tergolong kurang dominan (8,2%). Pada tingkatan utama, serapan dari bahasa Bali sedang (46,4%), serapan dari bahasa Jawa sedang (33,1%), dan serapan dari bahasa Indonesia tergolong kurang dominan(20,5%). Terdapat pola yang bervariasi dari kedua tingkatan tersebut pada tataran serapan berdasar kantingkat dan pola”(Husnan.2008: 106).
This statement delineates that the words of base Alus Biase and Alus Dalam/Utama innovate and totally borrowed from Bali and Java.
Instead of borrowing, in the Husnan’s statement can also be seen the heritage words from Bali and Java. Historically, the all kings in Lombok in 1334 M. came from Java who used Old Jawi which is called Kawi or Sanskrit. The evidence these cases can be seen at the names of Lombok kingdoms, for instance, after Majapahit invaded and left Lombok. Raden Maspahit built the new kingdom which was called Batu Parang and than it was famous by name Seleparang. The Selaparang Kingdom was the greatest and famous in Lombok island since 13th until 17th century, (Depdikbud, 1998: 19). Other source mentions that in 13th there was the famous kingdom, it was called Perigi which has been built by a group of
58 Javanese transmigrants that led by Prabu Inopati and Lombok was very famous as Parigi Island.
When Majapahit sent the expedition led by Empu Nala to Bali in 1343, Lombok and Dompu (Samawa) in 1357 then they conquered Selaparang and Dompu. When the Selaparang was being conquered, Gajah Mada came to Selaparang when the Island at that time was very famous with Selapawis. These historical events recorded in Bencangah Punan. Selaparang Kingdom has been developing in two periods” (Azhar, 2004: 11). The first period was before the Islam’s arrival in 13th until 15thcenturies and after Islam’s arrival in 15th until 17th century.
Before Islam was brought to Lombok, Selaparang had been conquered by Majapahit. Later on during the Dutch occupation, Seleparang made the cooperation with some Kingdoms, such as Gowa, Sumbawa, Bima, Ternate, and Tidore to fight Netherlands. Since Selaparang’s destruction in 1725, the small kingdoms raised, one of them was Mumbul Kingdom located in Labuhan Lombok.
At the ruling time of Perabu Kerta Jagat, Selaparang was reaching the golden chance. Selaparang divided the territorial to facilitate the controlling power. The south part of Selaparang was given to the king of Pejanggik who was the ancestor of Seleparang King (1721-1722). After Pejanggik conquered by Karang Asem Kingdom and Arya Banjar Getasin 1725, King Pejanggik, PembanMrajaKusuma, escaped to Taliwang (Sumbawa) and came back to Sakra for fighting in 1740. (Azhar.2004:
59 177). Arya Banjar Getas Kingdom was built after that in 1722, with the king Arya Banjar Getas 1st. In 1723 Karang Asem Mataram Kingdom was built with its King I Gusti Bagus Jelantik (Anak Agung Bagus Jelantik). One year after that, in 1724 Karang Asem Singasari Kingdom was built with the king A.A. Bagus Jalantik who moved from Mataram and was replaced by I Gusti Ngurah Kaba.
In 1740, the king of Mataram Karang Asem made the promise with the King of Memelak ( Arya Banjar Getas) about Lombok Island. The west part of Lombok was the Karam Asem’s territorial, meanwhile the east part of it was the Arya Banjar Getas’s territorial. The Arya Banjar Getas Kingdom lasted from 1722 until 1841, governed by Arya Banjar Getas the 1st until the 7th (Raden Wiracandra). In 1740 Karang Asem Singasari had been successful to unify the all small kingdoms, such as Sengkongoq, Kidiri, Pagutan, and Pagesangan (Azhar.2004:104).
Based on the descriptions above, it can be concluded that Kahuripan, Kediri, Mataram as the imitation from Java and Bali Kingdoms.
Bali Kings used Brahmana language which was namely Sanskrit language. After long time, Sasak people colonized by Bali until the Muslim from Gowa came to help the Sasak People to fight against the Bali colonial. Based on the historical events, Sasak People received so many influences of languages and cultures. Languages and cultures are acculturated to form Sasak Language and Sasak culture. Bali and Java
60 languages that can be found at this present is Kawi or Sanskrit language in cultural event of memace Lontar (reading traditional manuscript Lontar).