CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Research Findings
In making the analysis systematic, the researcher took three steps on describing the students’ error. Based on the model taxonomy, the researcher had classified into each points. Omission error was classified into two points which were omission of major constituents and omission of grammatical morphemes. Then, in addition, there were also two points, which were double marking and simple addition. Furthermore in misformation, which were over regularization and archi/alternating forms. Moreover, in misordering, the researcher didn’t find the misordering of auxiliary verbs itself. Overall, the errors were calculated in each category. The numerical data was presented in its frequencies and percentages in the form of a table.
1. The Description of Errors
a. Error Categories and Its Frequencies
In this analysis, the data was taken from the students writing made by third-semester students. There were 36 data sources in this research. By doing some evaluations, the researcher found 103 errors were produced by those data sources. Indeed the errors were divided into four categories. The error categories which included the frequency and percentage of each category were as follow:
Table 4.1
Error Types and Frequencies in Using Auxiliary Verbs on the Students’ Essay Writing
No. Types of Errors Frequency
N %
1 Omission 52 50,48
2 Addition 11 10,69
3 Misformation 40 38,83
4 Misordering 0 0
Total Frequency 103 100%
In the figure above, the occurance of omission errors involved 52 errors or 50,48% of all errors that found in using auxiliary
verbs in writing essay of the third semester students, it was higher than another types of errors.
b. Omission Errors
The following table showed that based on the omission in surface strategy taxonomy, the researcher found many errors of the students auxiliary verbs in writing essay. It was the highest type of error in students’ auxiliary verbs in writing essay. There were four error types of omission produced in the students’
essay writing. The highest frequency of errors happened in omission of primary auxiliary verbs in writing essay, which consisted of 25 errors or 24,27%. Next, omission of subject before primary auxiliary verbs in writing essay, which consisted of 12 errors or 11,65%. And then, omission of subject before modal auxiliary verbs in writing essay which consisted of 9 errors or 8,74%. And the last was omission of modal auxiliary in writing essay, which consisted of 6 errors or 5,82%.
11,65%
8,74%
24,27%
5,82%
Figure 4.1
The Distribution of Omission Error
subject before primary aux.
subject before modal aux.
primary auxiliary
modal auxiliary
c. Addition Errors
The addition was the opposite of the omission, which was characterized by the presence of an item, which was unnecessary. There were 5 error types of addition that produced in using auxiliary verbs in writing essay. There were addition of suffix-s at verbs after primary auxiliary verbs, which consisted of 3 errors or 2,91%. Next, the students added suffix-s at verbs after modal auxiliary, which also consisted of 3 errors or 2,91%.
And then, suffix-ing at verb after modal auxiliary, which consisted of 1 error or 0,97%. Students also added primary auxiliary verbs in wrong form, which consisted of 3 errors or 2,91%. And the last was students added modal auxiliary verbs in wrong form, which consisted of 1 error or 0,97%.
2,91%
2,91%
0,97%
2,91%
0,97%
Figure 4.2
The Distribution of Addition Error
suffix-s (verb) after primary aux.
suffix-s (verb) after modal aux.
suffix-ing (verb) after modal aux.
add primary aux.
add modal aux.
d. Misformation Errors
Misformation was indicated by the wrong form of the structure.
The total number of misformation error was 6 error types. The highest type of misformation error was misformation of modal auxiliary verbs in writing essay, which consisted of 15 errors or 14,56%. Next, misformation of primary auxiliary verbs in writing essay, which consisted of 11 errors or 10,69%. And then, misformation of modal auxiliary verbs in present form which consisted of 6 errors or 5,82%. Misformation of primary auxiliary verbs in presennt form which consisted of 5 errors or 4,85%. Then, misformation of regular verb in present form after auxiliary verbs which consisted of 2 errors or 1,94%. And the last was misformation of irregular verb in past form after auxiliary verbs which consisted of 1 error or 0,97%.
4,85%
5,82%
1,94%
0,97%
10,69%
14,56%
Figure 4.3
The Distribution of Misformation Error
primary aux. in present form
modal aux. in present form
regular verb (present) after aux.
irregular verb (past) after aux
misformation of primary aux.
misformation of modal aux.
2. Sample of Errors a. Omission
In omission, based on surface strategy taxonomy there were two omission types, which were an error on major constituent and grammatical morphemes. The researcher found many errors of omission in students’ auxiliary verbs in writing essay in terms of major constituents or content morpheme and grammatical morpheme.
1) Error on the Use Major Constituents
The researcher found 21 errors of omission of major constituents that divided into subject before primary auxiliary verbs and subject before modal auxiliary verbs: It, They, etc.
a) Omission of Subject before Primary Auxiliary Verb In error on the use of subjects before primary auxiliary verb, there were 12 errors in using auxiliary verbs in writing essay, there were two examples of the errors as follow:
“..., and ^ is caused by adolescents who always violate without thinking about the consequences.”
(taken from essay no. 16)
“..., but ^ do not know how to take advantage of the results of this education.” (taken from essay no.
26)
Both of sentences above were an error because the students didn’t put the subject (pronoun/noun) before primary auxiliary verb. So, the sentence become ambiguous. It was because both of the sentences were the compound sentences. The correct sentences should be:
“..., and it is caused by adolescents who always violate without thinking about the consequences. .”
(taken from essay no. 16)
“..., but they do not know how to take advantage of the results of this education.” (taken from essay no.
26)
b) Omission of Subject before Modal Auxiliary Verb
In this kind of error, the students omitted the subject before modal auxiliary verbs itself, such as pronoun it and they. The researcher found nine errors, there were two examples of the errors as follow:
“..., and ^ will be destroyed in vain if there is no awareness of the teenager.” (taken from essay no.
16)
“..., ^ can be isolated independent and maintain health by taking a multivitamin.” (taken from essay no. 27)
Both of sentences above were an error because the students didn’t put the subject (pronoun/noun) before modal auxiliary verb. And both of the sentence above were the compound sentences too. The correct sentences should be:
“..., and it will be destroyed in vain if there is no awareness of the teenager.” (taken from essay no.
16)
“..., they can be isolated independent and maintain health by taking a multivitamin.” (taken from essay no. 27)
2) Error on the Use of Grammatical Morphemes
The researcher found 31 errors of omission of grammatical morphemes that divided into omission of primary auxiliary verb and modal auxiliary verbs in writing essay such as:
is.are, have, will, can, etc.
a) Omission of Primary Auxiliary Verbs
In error on omission of primary auxiliary verb in writing essay, there were 25 errors that had found from sentences, there were some examples of the error as follow:
“Eventhough they ^ already known that Indonesia is a country with the highest death rate with the Covid 19 virus in ASIA.” (taken from essay no. 6)
“This is because of the high-paying job skills ^ provided by Education.” (taken from essay no. 14)
“What's wrong with a woman who ^ getting a college education?” (taken from essay no. 25)
“In other words, actions such as cheating, plagiarism, stealing and/or faking something ^ related to academics with the aim of achieving success.” (taken from essay no. 30)
From those sentences above, students still didn’t put or they omitted the primary auxiliary verbs. In sentence from essay number six they should put auxiliary have because it was a simple future tense. Next, student should put auxiliary are in sentence from essay number 14 above, because it was a passive voice which usually need auxiliary verb in verbal sentence. And then, in sentence from essay number 25 before verb ‘getting’ the student should put auxiliary is to make the question clear because it was the present continuous tense. And the last, in sentence from essay number 30 above, student should
put auxiliary are to make the sentence clear too. So, the correct sentence should be:
“Eventhough they have already known that Indonesia is a country with the highest death rate with the Covid 19 virus in ASIA.” (taken from essay no. 6)
“This is because of the high-paying job skills are provided by Education.” (taken from essay no. 14)
“What's wrong with a woman who is getting a college education?” (taken from essay no. 25)
“In other words, actions such as cheating, plagiarism, stealing and/or faking something are related to academics with the aim of achieving success.” (taken from essay no. 30)
b) Omission of Modal Auxiliary Verb
In error on omission of modal auxiliary verbs in writing essay, there were 6 errors that had found from the students’ writing, there were 2 examples of the errors as follow:
“..., so that the city air ^ become fresh.” (taken from essay no. 19)
“Many men think that only men ^ deserve higher education and get a good job.” (taken from essay no. 25)
Both of sentences above were error because the students didn’t put the modal auxiliary verbs which had to put on the sentences above. In sentence from essay number 19, student should put modal auxiliary verb will because modal will was used to express a prediction. While, in sentence from essay number 25, student should put modal auxiliary verb can, because modal can was used to express possibility. The correct sentence should be:
“..., so that the city air will become fresh.” (taken from essay no. 19)
“Many men think that only men can deserve higher education and get a good job.” (taken from essay no. 25)
b. Addition
Addition was called as the opposite of omission. It was indicated by the presence of an item that had not to appear in well-formed sentences. In addition, the researcher found 11 errors in students auxiliary verbs in writing essay that included of two categories:
double marking and simple addition.
1) Double Marking
a) Suffix-s at Verb after Primary Auxiliary Verbs
“Actually, they do not wants to follow the rules in avoiding Covid-19.” (taken from essay no. 8) The error sentence above were incorrect because the student had to put suffix –s at verb after using primary auxilary verb. So, the correct form should be:
“Actually, they do not want to follow the rules in avoiding Covid-19.” (taken from essay no. 8) b) Suffix-s at Verb after Modal Auxiliary Verbs
“Anyway, they will works in the kitchen too.”
(taken from essay no. 25)
The error sentence above were incorrect because the students must not put suffix –s at verb after using modal auxilary verb. So, the correct form should be:
“Anyway, they will work in the kitchen too.”
(taken from essay no. 25)
c) Suffix-ing at Verb after Modal Auxiliary Verbs
“... or consume vitamin C that can keeping your imun well.” (taken from essay no. 6)
The error sentence above were incorrect because they must not put suffix –ing at verb after using modal auxilary verb. So, the correct form should be:
“... or consume vitamin C that can keep your imun well.” (taken from essay no. 6)
2) Simple Addition
a) Addition of Primary Auxiliary Verbs
“... and you are saying something that is usually reject the disaster or woe.” (taken from essay no.
22)
The error sentence above were incorrect because they must not put auxiliary is in the sentence because it was ambiguous. So, the correct form should be:
“... and you are saying something that usually reject the disaster or woe.” (taken from essay no.
22)
b) Addition of Modal Auxiliary Verbs
“Being a leader is not something that is easy, it requires strong determination and a strength will to be a good leader.” (taken from essay no. 13) The error sentence above were incorrect because they must not put modal auxiliary will in the sentence because it was ambiguous or incorrect. So, the correct form should be:
“Being a leader is not something that is easy, it requires strong determination and a strength to be a good leader.” (taken from essay no. 13)
c. Misformation
The misformation error was the second highest type of errors that the researcher found in this research after the type of omission error. The researcher found 40 errors or 38,81% in students auxiliary verbs in writing essay. The explanation below described more about error happened in misformation.
1) Overregularization
a) Primary Auxiliary in Present Form
“They had left their books and friends.” (taken from essay no. 21)
“And then, on the second night of the last before the reception, it was held MOFOTO'A.” (taken from essay no. 22)
Both of the sentences above were incorrect because the writer or students were describing something that happen in the present too, so it had to put present form af primary auxiliary verbs. So, the correct sentences as follow:
“They had left their books and friends.” (taken from essay no. 21)
“And then, on the second night of the last before the reception, it was held MOFOTO'A.” (taken from essay no. 22)
b) Modal Auxiliary in Present Form
“... that every person could pursue a fulfilling career that ensures a satisfied life.” (taken from essay no. 23)
“... they also could have titles as high as the sky.”
(taken from essay no. 25)
Both of the sentences above were incorrect because the writers or students were describing something that happened in the present, so it had to put present form af modal auxiliary verbs. So, the correct sentences as follow:
“... that every person can pursue a fulfilling career that ensures a satisfied life.” (taken from essay no. 23)
“... they also can have titles as high as the sky.”
(taken from essay no. 25)
c) Regular Verb (present) after Auxiliary Verb
“It will be dangerous for our health, that’s why we need to always consumed a healthy food and doing some excersice.” (taken from essay no. 6)
The sentence above was incorrect because the student was describing something that happened in the present, so it had to put present form of verb after modal auxiliary need to. So, the correct sentences as follow:
“It will be dangerous for our health, that’s why we need to always consume a healthy food and doing some excersice.” (taken from essay no. 6) d) Irregular Verb (past) after Auxiliary Verb
“They were make slaves by the Gowa Kingdom at that time.” (taken from essay no. 2)
The sentence above was incorrect because the student should not use the present form after the past form of modal auxiliary, it was not correct according to the grammatical pattern. Therefore they should use past form of verb too. So, the correct sentence as follow:
“They were made slaves by the Gowa Kingdom at that time.” (taken from essay no. 2)
2) Archi/Alternating Form
a) Misformation of Primary Auxiliary Verb
“..., the environmental conditions is getting worse.” (taken from essay no. 33)
“..., at this event all communities is invited to attend its annual party,....” (taken from essay no.
22)
“In reality, however, these online learning activities do not easy to implement in Indonesia.”(taken from essay no. 29)
“Therefore, it will be harder for our country to fight from Covid-19 if some citizens do not dicipline on its rules to wear mask and also use handsanitizer also.” (taken from essay no. 8) The sentences from essay number 33 and 22 were incorrect because the nouns were plural. And then, at essay number 29 and 8 were incorrect because before using adjective we had to use auxiliary “are not”. And auxiliary “are not” here was the auxiliary that acted as linking verb because the sentences above were a nominal sentences. So, the correct sentences as follow:
“..., the environmental conditions are getting worse.” (taken from essay no. 33)
“..., at this event all communities are invited to attend its annual party,....” (taken from essay no.
22)“In reality, however, these online learning
activities are not easy to implement in Indonesia.”(taken from essay no. 29)
“Therefore, it will be harder for our country to fight from Covid-19 if some citizens are not dicipline on its rules to wear mask and also use handsanitizer also.” (taken from essay no. 8) b) Misformation of Modal Auxiliary Verb
“Therefore, earthworms as a waste processor can actually be an easy and inexpensive solution.”
(taken from essay no. 1)
“There are several solutions that in my opinion can reduce the frequency of student problems
above.” (taken from no. 11)
“..., you may implement the 3 R (Reduse, Reuse, Recycle) in everyday life.” (taken from essay no.
19)
“Then he dares to try these drugs, that will also cause the teenager fell into promiscuity.” (taken from essay no. 16)
The sentences from essay number one was incorrect because had to put modal auxiliary should be because modal should was used to show the obligation. Next, in sentence from essay number 11, student had to put
modal auxiliary may, because modal auxiliary may was used to express the possibility. Then, in sentence from essay number 16 student had to put modal auxiliary can because modal auxiliary can was used to express the ability. So, the correct sentences as follow:
“Therefore, earthworms as a waste processor should actualy be an easy and inexpensive
solution.” (taken from essay no. 1)
“There are several solutions that in my opinion may reduce the frequency of student problems
above.” (taken from no. 11)
“..., you have to implement the 3 R (Reduse, Reuse, Recycle) in everyday life.” (taken from essay no. 19)
“Then he dares to try these drugs, that can also cause the teenager fell into promiscuity.” (taken from essay no. 16)