• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

BAB V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

B. Saran

Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai :

1. Pengaruh FHEMM untuk induksi hepatotoksin yang lain seperti

parasetamol

2. Uji kandungan antioksidan spesifik dalam FHEMM yang berperan sebagai

hepatoprotektor

3. Parameter lain yang dapat digunakan sebagai penanda kerusakan hati seperti

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Adrianto, E., E., 2010, Efek Hepatoprotektif Ekstrak Metanol-Air Daun

Macaranga tanarius L. Pada Tikus Jantan Terinduksi Parasetamol,

Skripsi, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

Amalina, N., 2009, Uji Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) Terhadap Hepar Mencit Balb/C. Karya Tulis Ilmiah, Fakultas KedokteranUniversitas Diponegoro, Semarang.

Amirudin, R., 2009, Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam : Fisiologi dan Biokimia Hati, Edisi V, Interna Publishing, Jakarta, hal. 627.

Andini, A., P., 2010, Efek Analgesik Ekstrak Metanol-Air Daun Macaranga tanarius L. Pada Mencit Betina Galur Swiss, Skripsi, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

Arafah, E., 2005, Perlindungan dan Efek Penyembuhan Sediaan Bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb) Terhadap Peradangan Hati Tikus serta Mekanismenya pada Sel Makrofag dan Limfosit, IPB, Bogor.

Aslam, M., Tan, C., K., dan Prayitno, A., 2003, Farmasi Klinis (Clinical Pharmacy) Menuju Pengobatan Rasional dan Penghargaan Pilihan Pasien, Elex Media Komputindo, Jakarta.

Aznam, N., Atun, S., Arianingrum, R., Sulisdiarto, S., S., Utami, B., S.,dan Sholeh, A., B., 2010, Antihepatotoxic Activity and Toxicity of Ethanolic Extract From Stem Bark of Hopea mengarawan, Department of Chemistry Education, Yogyakarta, pp. 1-4.

Badan Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan RI, 2010, Acuan Sediaan Herbal, 5 (1), Badan Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan RI, hal. 6.

Bartrons, R., and Jaime, C., 2007, Hypoxia, Glucose Metabolism and The Warburg’s Effect, J Bioenergy Biomembr, pp. 39, 223-29.

Berg, J., M., Tymoczko, J., L., and Stryer, L., 2002, Biochemistry, 5th edition, Freeman and Company, New York, p. 542.

Burtis, C., Ashwood, E., R., 2006,http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8344, diakses pada tanggal 17 April 2015.

Campbell, N., A., Mitchell, L., G., Reece, J., B., Taylor, M., R., and Simon, E., J., 2006, Biology, 5th edition, Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company Inc., Redword City, England.

Carithers, and McClain, 2010, Alcoholic Liver Disease, In: textbook of Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 9th edition, Saunders Elsevier Publishing, Philadelphia, pp. 400-1383.

Chandrasoma, P., and Taylor, C., R., 1995, Concise Pathology, 2nd Ed., FRC Path Prentice-Hall International Inc., USA, pp. 620-633.

Clichici, S., Diana, O., Nagy, A., Oros, A., Filip, A., and Mircea, P., A., 2014, Silymarin Inhibits the Progression of Fibrosis in the Early stages of Liver Injury in CCl4- Treated Rats, Journal of Medicinal Food, pp. 1-9.

Dalimarta, S., 2000, Atlas Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia, Jilid 2, Trubus Agriwidya, Jakarta.

Delgado, J., and Remers, W., 1991, Textbook of Organic Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Edisi ke-9, J.B.Lippincott Co, Philadephia, pp. 2-10.

Departemen Kesehatan RI, 2000, Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat, Dirjen POM-Depkes RI, Jakarta.

Departemen Kesehatan RI, 2007, Profil Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Tengah 2006, Jakarta, http://www.depkes.go.id, diakses tanggal 29 Maret 2015.

Direktorat Jenderal Pengawas Obat dan Makanan, 1979, Farmakope Indonesia, Edisi III, Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, hal.9.

Direktorat Jenderal Pengawas Obat dan Makanan, 1995, Farmakope Indonesia, Edisi IV, Departemen Kesehatan RI, Jakarta.

Duke, T., 1999, Dysoxia and Lactate,Arch Dis Child, pp. 81, 343-50

Faiz, O., and Moffat, D., 2003, Anatomy at a Glance, Erlangga, Jakarta, pp. 40-41 Fausto, N., 2006, Cell Injury Cell Death, 7th edition, Elsevier-Saunders

Washington, pp. 16-17

Gavaghan, M., 1999, Biochemical markers in myocardial injury, Aorn J, pp. 50, 70, 840.

Gene, D., L., 1999, Acute Carbon Tetrachloride Feeding Induces Damage of Large, 1.Med G, pp. 1289-301.

Gregus dan Klaaseen, C. D., 2001, Mechanism of Toxicity, in Klaaseen, C. D.,

Cassarett and Doull’s Toxicology: the Basic Science Poisons, 6th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 57-64, 476, 481.

Haki, M., 2009, Efek Ekstrak Daun Talok (Muntingia calabura L.) Terhadap Aktivitas Enzim SGPT pada Mencit Yang Diinduksi Karbon Tetraklorida, Skripsi, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta.

Halliwell, B., Gutteridge JMC, 2007, Free Radicals In Biology and Medicine, Edisi 4, Oxford University Press, U.K.

Harborne, J., B., 1987, Metode Fitokimia, ITB, Bandung.

Ho, Y., Lai, M., Lin, F., Liu, P., Huang, Y., Chiu, J., et al., 2009, Antioxidative and Hepatoprotective Effects of Magnolol on Acetaminophen-induced Liver Damage in Rats, Arch Pharm Res., Vol. 32, No. 2, 221-228.

Janakat, S., dan Al-Merie, H., 2002, Optimization of The Dose and Route of Injection and Characterisation of The Time Course of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in the Rat, JPTM 48, pp. 41-44. Jeon, T., I., Hwang, S., G., Park, N., G., Shin, S., I., Choi, S., D., and Park, D., K.,

2003, Antioxidative Effect of Chitosan on Chronic Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatic Injury in Rat, Toxicology,187: 67-73.

Jungueira, L., C., and Carneiro, J., 2002, Basic Histology, 3rd ed., diterjemahkan oleh Adji Dharma, CV EGC, Jakarta, pp. 342-344, 354.

Koestadi, 1989, Kimia Klinik Teori dan Praktek Darah, AAK Bhakti Wiyata, Kediri.

Koorders, S.H., and Valeton, 1918, Atlas Der Baumarten Von Java, Buch und Steindruckerei von Fa. P. W. M. TRAP, Leiden.

Kumazawa, S., Murase, M., Momose, N., and Fukumoto, S., 2013, Analysis of Antioxidant Prenylflavonoids in different parts Macaranga tanarius, The Plant Origin of Okinawan Propolis, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, Elsevier, Jepang, pp. 1-2.

Kurniawaty, Y., A., 2007, Efek Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Metanol-Air Daun Macaranga tanarius L. Pada Mencit Betina Galur Swiss, Skripsi, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

Lawrence, 2005, Health Education Planing A Diagnostic Approach, The Johns Hopkins University: Mayfield Publishing Company, 2005.

Lee, W., M., 2003, Drug-Induced hepatotoxicity, J.Med, England, pp. 349, 474- 485.

Lieberman, M., and Allan, D., 2009, Basic Medical Biochemistry, a Clinical Approcah, 3rd Edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelpia, pp. 341-420.

Lin, J., Nonaka, G., dan Nishioka, I., 1990, Tannins and Related Compounds. XCIV. Isolation and Characterization of Seven New Hydrolyzable.

Lim, T.Y., Lim, Y.Y., and Yule, C. M., 2009, Evaluation of Antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-tyrosinase activities of Four Macaranga species,

Food Chemistry, pp. 114, 594-599.

Luft, F., C., 2001, Lactic Acidosis Update for Critical Care Clinicians, J Am Soc Nephrol, pp. 9, 12, 15.

Lu, F.C., 1995, Toksikologi dasar, Asas, Organ Sasaran dan Penilaian Resiko,

Edisi kedua, UI press, Jakarta, Indonesia, hal. 206-215.

Mahendra, A., A., 2011, Efek Hepatoprotektif Infusa Daun Macaranga tanarius

(L.) Pada Tikus Jantan Galur Wistar Terinduksi Parasetamol, Skripsi, Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta, hal. 28-47.

Marianne, F., 2015,http:/ /www.urmc.rochester.edu/ encyclopedia/ content.aspx? ContentTypeID= 167&ContentID= lactate_dehydrogenase_isoenzymes, diakses tanggal 17 April 2015.

Matsunami, K., Ichiko, T., Takakazu, S., Mitsunori, A., Kazunari, K., and Hideaki, O., et al., 2006, Radical-Scavenging Activities of New Megastigmane Glucosides from Macaranga tanarius (L.) MULL-ARG. 54(10): 1403-1406.

Matsunami, K., Otsuka, H., Kondo, K., Shinzato, T., Kawahata, M., Yamaguchi, K., and Takeda, Y., 2009, Absolute configuration of (+)-pinoresinol 4-O- [600-Ogalloyl]- b-D glucopyranoside, macarangiosides E, and F isolated from the leaves of Macaranga tanarius, Phytochemistry, 70, 1277-1285. Mazlan, N.A., Mediani, A., Abas, F., Ahmad, S., Shaari, K., Khamis, S., and

Lajis, N.H., 2013, Antioxidant, Antityrosinase, Anticholinesterase, and Nitric Oxide Inhibition Activities of Three Malaysian Macaranga

Species, The Scientific World Journal, 9.

Michael, F., and Roizen, M.,.D., 2007. Staying Young (Jurus Menyiasati Kerja Gen Agar Muda Sepanjang Hidup), Free Press, NewYork.

Murray, R., K., Granner, D., K., and Mayes, P., A., 1995, Glycolisis and Piruvate Oxidation, Edisi ke-22, Appleton and lange, London, pp. 197-206.

Mus, 2008, Mara Macaranga tanarius (L.) M. A., http:// plantamor.com/ index.php?plant= 804, diakses pada 29 Maret 2015.

Naik, S., R., and Panda, V., S., 2007, Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba phytosomes in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rodents. Liver Int., 27:393-399.

Nugraha, A., W., 2010, Efek Hepatoprotektif Jangka Pendek Infusa Daun M. tanarius (L.) pada Tikus Jantan Galur Wistar Terinduksi Parasetamol,

Skripsi, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

Nurcahyanti, N., C., 2013, Efek Hepatoprotektif Infusa Daun Macaranga tanarius

L. pada Tikus Jantan Galur Wistar Terinduksi Karbon Tetraklorida,

Skripsi, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta. Nurdjanah, S., 2007, Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, Jilid I, Edisi ke-4, Pusat

Penerbit Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FK UI, Jakarta.

Oehha, 2000, Chronic Toxicity Summary Carbon Tetrachloride, http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/pdf/56235.pdf, diakses tanggal 29 Maret 2015.

Ohta, Y., Kaida, S., Chiba, S., Tada, M., Teruya, A., Imai, Y., et al., 2009, Involvement of Oxidative Stress in Increases in the Serum Levels of Various Enzymes and Components in Rats with Water-Immersion Restraint Stress, J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr., 45, 347-354

Oktavia, T., 2012, Efek Hipoglikemik Kombinasi Ekstrak Metanol-Air Daun

Macaranga tanarius L. Dengan Metformin Pada Tikus Putih Jantan Galur Wistar Terbebani Glukosa, Skripsi, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

Okuda, T., Yoshida, Hatano, 1992, Pharmacologically Active Tannins Isolated from Medicinal Plants, In Hemingway, R.W. and P. E. Laks (ed), Plant Polyphenols : Synthesis, Properties, and Significance, New York: Plenum Press.

Panjaitan, R., G., P., Handharyani, E., Chairul, Masriani, Zakiah, Z., dan Manalu, W., 2007, Pengaruh Pemberian Karbon Tetraklorida Terhadap Fungsi Hati dan Ginjal Tikus, Makara, Kesehatan, hal. 11-16.

Petersen, K., F., Dufour, S., Feng, J., Befroy, D., Dziura, J., and Dalla Man, C., 2006, Increased Prevalence of Insulin Resistance and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Asian-Indian Men, Proc Natl Acad Sci, pp.18273-77 Phommart, S., Sutthivaiyakit, P., Chimnoi, N., Ruchirawat, S., and Sutthivaiyakit,

S., 2005, Constituents of the Leaves of Macaranga tanarius, J. Nat,. Prod. 68 : 927-930.

Powell, L., W., and Piper, D., W., 1989, Dasar Gastroenterologi Hepatologi, Edisi 4, PT. Pharos, Jakarta.

Price, S., A., and Wilson, L., M., 2005, Patofisiologi : Konsep Klinis Proses- Proses Penyakit, Edisi 6, EGC, Jakarta, pp. 472-476.

Puteri, G. M., D., P., T., dan Kawabata, J., F, 2010, Novel α-glucosidase inhibitors from Macaranga tanarius leaves, Food Chemistry, 123: 384- 389.

Rahaju, M., 2003, Uji Diagnostik Pemeriksaan LDH dalam Cairan Tubuh Untuk Penentuan Klasifikasi Transudat dan Eksudat Dibandingkan dengan Klasifikasi Konvensional, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, pp. 20.

Rao, R., and Kumar, V., 2013, A Study to Evaluate Prophylactic Hepatoprotective Effect of Phyllanthus Niruri Against The Paracetamol Induced Liver Toxicity in Albino Rats, International Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Vol. 5(1), 4-7.

Robbins, S., L., and Kumar, V., 1995, Buku Ajar Patologi 1, Edisi 4, Buku kedokteran EGC, Jakarta, pp. 290-293.

Rosnalini, 1995, Optimasi Dosis Kurkumin Sebagai Hepatoprotektor pada Tikus,

Skripsi, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Sastrohamidjojo, H., 1985, Kromatografi, Liberty, Yogyakarta.

Sen, S., Chakraborty, R., Sridharl, C., and Reddy, Y., De, B., 2010, Free Radicals, Antioxidants, Diseases and Phytomedicines : Current Status and Future Prospect, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Review and Research, 3(1), pp. 91-100.

Sey, A., V., 2003, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease : Epidemiology and Diagnosis Hepatol, pp. 917-23.

Shanmugasundaram, P., and Venkataraman, S., J., 2006, Ethnopharmacol, pp. 124-128.

Sherwood, L., 2001, Fisiologi Manusia dari Sel ke Sistem, Edisi 2, EGC, Jakarta. Sloane, 2004, Pengantar Hematologi dan Imun-Hematologi, Edisi 4, Jakarta. Soemarto, W., 1996, Perlemakan Hati, Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, Jilid 1,

Edisi ketiga, Balai Pustaka FKUI, Jakarta, hal. 333-335.

Stahl, E., 1985, Analisa Obat Secara Kromatografi dan Mikroskopi, ITB, Bandung.

Tiala, M. R. B. K., 2013, Efek Hepatoprotektif Jangka Pendek Ekstrak Metanol- Air Daun Macaranga tanarius L. Terhadap Tikus Terinduksi Karbon Tetraklorida, Skripsi, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

Thapa, B., R., and Walia, A., 2007, Liver Function Tests and Their Interpretation,

Indian Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 74.

Timbrell, J. A. 2008, Principles of Biochemical Toxicology, 4th Edition, Informa Healthcare, New York, pp 308-311.

Toole, G., and Susan, 1999, Understanding Biology for Advanced Level Stanley Tornes: Cheintenham

Vincent, A., and Muhopadhyay, A., 2008, Human Skin Keloid Fibroblasts Display Bioenergetics of Cancer Cells, J invest Dermatol, pp. 128, 702- 709.

Voight, R., 1994, Buku Pelajaran Teknologi Farmasi, edisi V., Universitas Gadjah Mada Press, Yogyakarta. Pp. 577-578.

Wahyuni, S., 2005, Pengaruh Daun Sambiloto ( Andrographis paniculata, Ness) Terhadap Kadar SGPT dan SGOT Tikus Putih, GAMMA, Volume I, Nomor I, hal. 45-53.

Watt, L., R., and Zimmerman, J., L., 1978, Toward a Positive Theory of The Determination of Accounting Standard, The Accounting Review, Vol. 53, No.1.

Weber, L., Boll, M.B., and Stampfl, A., 2003, Hepatotoxicity and Mechanism of Action of Haloalkanes: Carbon Tetrachloride as a Toxicological Model.

Critical Reviews in Toxicology, pp. 105-136.

Williamson, E. M., David, T.O., and Fred, J.E, 1996, Pharmacological Methods in Phytotherapy Research Vol. 1 : Selection, Preparation and Pharmacological Evaluation of Plant Material, John Wiley & Sons, Cichester, England, p. 49.

Windrawati, T. G., 2013, Efek Hepatoprotektif Ekstrak Metanol:Air (50:50) Daun

Macaranga tanarius L. Terhadap Kadar ALT-AST Serum pada Tikus Terinduksi Karbon Tetraklorida, Skripsi, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

World Agroforestry Centre, 2002, Botanic Nomenclature to Agroforestry trees : Macaranga tanarius. World Agroforestry Centre. Available : http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesIn fo.asp?SpID=1092#Uses, diakses tanggal 29 Maret 2015.

Wyngaarden, J., B., 1982, The Textbook of Medicine, Vol I, W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, pp. 169.

Zimmerman, H., J., 1999, Hepatotoxicity, Appleton Century Crofts, New York, pp. 210.

Zivkovic, A., M., German, J., B., and Sanyal, A., J., 2007, Comparative review of diets for the metabolic syndrome: implications for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Am J Clin Nutr, pp. 86, 285-300.

Dokumen terkait