BAB V PENUTUP
B. Saran
Berdasarkan hasil studi terdapat beberapa saran dan rekomendasi yang dapat dipertimbangkan mengenai masalah Al-Jazeera dan peristiwa Arab Spring khususnya di Tunisia. Studi ini diharapkan dapat menjadi pelengkap tentang pembahasan mengenai kedua topik tersebut, mengingat topik tersebut merupakan topik kontemporer yang masih perlu dikaji lebih dalam. Adapun tema mengenai Al-Jazeera dan Arab Spring ini merupakan tema yang menarik. Kajian tentang Arab Spring di beberapa negara MENA lainnya masih jarang ada yang membahas. Maka dari itu penulis menyarankan kepada penulis selanjutnya untuk menoba membahas dan mengembangkannya lebih lanjut.
97
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Buku dan Ensiklopedi
Abdurrahman, Dudung. Metodologi Penelitian Sejarah. Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media,2007.
Al-Jauhari, Yusri. Ifriqiyya Al-Isamiyah.______:_____, 1980.
Alterman, Jon B. New Media New Politics? From Satellite Television to the Internet in the Arab World. US: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1998.
C. Naylor, Philip. North Africa: a History from Antiquity to the Present. US: University of Texas Press, 2009.
Caughey M, MC, dan Ayers MD. Cyberactivicm: Online Activism in Theory and Practice. London: Rotledge, 2003.
El-Nawawy, Mohammed, dan Shawn Powers. Mediating Conflict: Al-Jazeera English and the Possibility of a Conciliatory Media. US: Figueroa Press, 2008.
Ensiklopedi Islam jilid 5. Jakarta: PT Ichtiar Baru van Hoeve, 1999.
Ensiklopedia Pemerintahan dan Kewarganegaraan: Sistem dan Bentuk Pemerintahan di Dunia. (judul asli: How Government Work – The Inside Guide to the Politics of the World). Jakarta: PT Lentera Abadi, 2010. Fiska de Gouveia, Philip. An African Al-Jazeera? Mass Media and the African
Renaissance. UK: The Foreign Policy Centre, 2005.
Foreign Affairs. The New Arab Revolts: What Happened, What it Means, and What Comes Next. US: Council on Foreign Relations, 2011.
98
Hodgson, Marshall. The Venture of Islam, vol.1: The Classical Age of Islam. Chicago: Chicago Press Book, 1974.
Jumroni. Metode-metode Penelitian Komunikasi. Jakarta Selatan: UIN Jakarta Press, 2006.
McKenna, Amy. The History of Northern Africa. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, 2010.
Mulyana, Deddy. Nuansa – nuansa Komunikasi: Meneropong Politik dan Budaya Komunikasi Masyarakat Kontemporer. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2001.
Nelson, Harold D. Tunisia: a Country Study. US: Foreign Area Studies, 1986 Nuruddin. Pengantar Komunikasi Massa. Jakarta: PT Rajawali Press, 2007. Pintak, Lawrence. Reflections in a Blodshoot Lens: America, Islam and the War
of Ideas. Ann Arbor: Pluto, 2006.
Rakhmat, Jalaluddin. Metode Penelitian Komunikasi. Bandung: Remadja Karya CV, 1989.
Ramsay, F. Jeffress, dan Edge, Wayne. Global Studies: Africa. McGraw – Hill, 2004.
Rivers, William L. Media Massa dan Masyarakat Modern (Mass Media and Modern Society). Jakarta: Kencana, 2003.
Rugh, William. Arab Mass Media: Newspaper, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics. Westport Conn: Praeger, 2004.
Sakr, Naomi. Arab Media and Political Renewal: Community, Legitimacy, and Public Life. London: I.B.Tauris & Co.Ltd, 2007.
99
Shoelhi, Mohammad. Propaganda dalam Komunikasi Internasional. Bandung: Simbiosa Rekatama Media, 2012.
Tamburaka, Apriadi. Revolusi Timur Tengah. Yogyakarta: Narasi, 2011
Tim Penyusun. Pedoman Penulisan Karya Ilmiah Skripsi, Tesis, dan Disertasi. Jakarta: CeQDA, 2013/2014.
Zayani, Mohamed. The Al-Jazeera Phenomenon: Critical Perspectives on New Arab Media. UK: Pluto Press, 2005.
Zoubir, Yahia H, dan Amirah, Haizam. North Africa: Politics, Region, and the Limits of Transformation. New York: Routledge, 2008.
Skripsi, Thesis, Koran dan Artikel dalam Jurnal
Abdelmoula, Ezzeddine. Al-Jazeera‟s Democratizing Role and the Rise of Arab
Public Sphere. (Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Politics, University of Exeter, 2012)
Abdul Mageed, Muhammad M, dan Herring, Susan C. Arabic and English News Coverage on Al-Jazeera.net. Proceedings of Cultural Attitudes Towards Technology and Communication 2008: 1-16
Al-Khazendar, Sami, dan Ali, Yahya. Professionalism and Objectivity of Al-Jazeera Satellite Channel. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 2013: 68-78
Amanda, Winona. Beberapa Judul Berita dalam Situs Al-Jazeera.net Berbahasa Arab: Sebuah Analisis Sintaksis. (Skripsi S1 Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia, 2014)
100
Auter, Philip J. Meeting the Needs of Multiple Audience: An Examination of the Aljazeera and English Aljazeera Websites from the Public Relations Perspective. Global Media Journal, 2004: 1-24
Eliades, Nicolas. The Rise of Al-Jazeera. University or peace: Peace & Conflict Monitor Journal: 1-20
El-Nawawy,Mohammed, dan Powers, Shawn. Al-Jazeera English and Global News Network: Clash of Civilizations or Cross-cultural dialogue?. Media War and Conflict Journal, 2009: 263-284
Geara, Dabielle, dan Staugaard J, Johanne. Al-Jazeera: a Middle Eastern Enfant Terrible Goes Global. INSEAD, 2009: 1-18
Hafez, Kai. The Role of Media in the Arab World‟s Transformation Process: 321-339
Hopmann, Terrence, dan Zartman, William. Tunisia: Understanding Conflict 2012. John Hopkins University – School for Advanced International Studies
Jakobsen, Mette-Stine Folkmar, dll. Al Jazeera English, BBC and CNN: Can Al Jazeera English preserve its identity when competing in a global news market?. Communication Studies Spring 2013.
Kinner, Kelly. Al-Jazeera.net and BBC.CO.UK: Media Framing of the Darfur Humanitarian Crisis. University of Colrado at Boulder, 8 Mei 2005
KOMPAS. Sosok: Kuartlet Dialog Nasional – Pembawa Transisi Demokrasi Tunisia, 15 Oktober 2015
Lutterbeck, Derek. Tunisia after Ben Ali: Retooling the Tools of Opression?. Policy Brief, Mei 2013: 1-4
101
Oliver, Joseph, dkk. Al-Jazeera, Phoenix Satellite Television and Return of the State: Case studies in market liberalization, public sphere and media imperialism, dalam International Journal of Communication, 2008.
Petersson, Catherine. Freedom of Expression and the Downfall of a Regime: The Tunisian Revolution and the Transition to Democracy. Lund University, 2011.
Poti, Jamhur. Demokratisasi Media Massa dalam Prinsip Kebebasan. Jurnal Ilmu politik dan Ilmu Pemerintahan, Vol.1, NO.1, 2001: 17-29
Powers, Shawn. The Origins of Al-Jazeera English. International Media Education Department of Communication George State University, 2011: 1-20
Promises and Challenges: The Tunisian Revolution of 2010 – 2011. (The report of the March 2011 Delegation of Attorneys to Tunisia from National Lawyers Guild – US, Haldane Society of Socialist Lawyers – UK, and Mazlumder – Turkey), Juni 2011.
Salvatore, Armando. Before (and After) the Arab Spring: From connectedness to Mobilization in the Public Sphere. The Social Web In The Middle East (2011): 5-12
Subkhan. Revolusi Melati di Tunisia Januari 2011. (Skripsi s1 Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, Universitas Indonesia), 2011.
Tunisia in Perspective: An Oriental Guide. Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Cnter, 2012.
Wagner, Ben. “I Have Understood You”: The Co-evolution of expression of expression and Control on the Internet, television and Mobile Phones
102
during the Jasmine Revution in Tunisia. ( The Arab Spring – The Role of ICTs‟s Journal, International Journal of Communication 5), 2011: 1295-1302
Wangke, Humphrey. Masyarakat Sipil dan Transisi Demokrasi di Timur Tengah, Vol. VI, No.03/2014: 5-8
Zingarelli, Megan E. Thesis: The CNN Effect and the Al-Jazeera Effect in Global Politics and Society. Georgetown University Washington D.C, 2010.
Internet
Al-Jazeera Englsih: Connecting the World, akses 1 Juni 2015 http://www.aljazeera.com/mritems/Documents/2012/4/23/2012423115058 508734MediaBrochure_2012_007.pdf
Al-Jazeera Satellite Channel – Company Profile, Information, BusinessDescription, History, Background Information on Al-Jazeera Satellite Channel, akses 1 Juni 2015
( http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/15/aljazeera-satellite-channel.html)
Arab Uprising: Country by country – Tunisia. Artikel akses 23 Oktober 2015 (http://www.bbc.com/news/world-12482315)
BBC. Tunisia Country Profile – Overview, akses 22 Oktober 2015 (http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14107241)
Black. Bahrain‟s Arab Spring chapter is still being written two years on, akses 24
Maret 2015 (
103
Carrington, Damian. The Middle East is Running dry – and into the perfect storm?, akses 23 Oktober 2015
( http://www.theguardian.com/environment/damian-carrington-blog/2011/may/19/water-climate-change)
CIA. The World Factbook – Africa: Tunisia, akses 5 November 2015 (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html)
Dreisbach, Tristan, dan Joyce, Robert. Revealing Tunisia‟s corruption under Ben
Ali: New World Bank report shows how Tunisia‟s ousted Ben Ali regime tailored laws to enrich cronies at the public‟s expense, akses 9 Maret 2015
( http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/03/revealing-tunisia-corruption-under-ben-ali-201432785825560542.html)
E. Souaiaia, Ahmad. Qatar, Al-Jazeera, and The Arab Spring, akses 11 April 2015 (http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2011/souaiaia171111.html)
Hijacking the Tunisian Revolution: It was driven by disenfranchised young people, but are professional politicians now trying to take over?, akses 24 Oktober 2015
(http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidestory/2011/01/20111211659 38708665.html)
Hijjawi, Aref. The Role of Al-Jazeera (Arabic) in the Arab Revolts of 2011, akses 5 Oktober 2015
(https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/assets/boell.de/images/download_ de/Perspectives_02-10_Aref_Hijjawi.pdf)
104
Joseph, Massed. The Arab Spring and Other American Seasons, akses 24 Maret 2015(http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/08/2012829725391538 65.html)
Khanfar, Wadah. Al-Jazeera and the Arab Spring (transcript), akses 5 Oktober 2015 (www.chathamhouse.org)
Man Set Himself Ablaze in Tunisia, akses 9 Maret 2015 (http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/03/20133127575275965)
Manfreda, Primoz. The Reasons for the Arab Spring: The Root Causes of the Arab Awakening in 2011, akses 9 Maret 2015
( http://middleeast.about.com/od/humanrightsdemocracy/tp/The-Reason-for-The-Arab-Spring.htm)
Moncef Marzouki : The price of revolution – Tunisia‟s president warns of forces that are intent on disrupting the country‟s peaceful movement to
democracy, akses 24 Oktober 2015 dari
(http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/talktojazeera/2013/02/2013291281 235102.html)
Moncef Marzouki : Tunisia at the crossroads – The Tunisian president says he
has „nightmares‟ of yet another revolution as a result of discontent and
impatience, akses 24 Oktober 2015 dari
(http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/talktojazeera/2012/05/2012512828 33168287.html)
Paolo S, Giulia. The Arab Spring and “Al-Jazeera Factor”, akses 11 April 2015 (http://russiancouncil.ru/en/blogs/giuliapaola-spreafico/?id_4=969)
105
Pintak, Lawrence. The Al-Jazeera Revolution: The Satellite television station is seizing the message away from the bland propaganda of Arab autocrats, akses 5 Oktober 2015 ( http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/02/02/the-al-jazeera-revolution/)
Profile: Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali, akses 9 Maret 2015 (http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12196679)
Profile: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali – Tunisian President fless amid a wafe of deadly social protest in a dramatic end to his 23 years in power, akses 9 Maret 2015
(http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/tunisia/2011/01/20111150264 8916419.html)
Protester dies in Tunisia clash: Several wounded in Sidi Bouzid as demonstrations against unemployment turn violent, akses 9 Maret 2015 (http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/12/20101224235824708885.h tml)
Rifai, Ryan. Timeline: Tunisia‟s Uprising – Chronicle of nationwide
demonstrations over the country‟s unemployment crisis, akses 9 Maret 2015(http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/tunisia/2011/01/2011141 42223827361.html)
Ryan, Yasmine. How Tunisia‟s Revolution Began: From day one, the people of
Sidi Bouzid broke through the media blackout to spread word of their uprising, akses 9 Maret 2015
(http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/01/20111261218159854 83.html)
106
Ryan, Yasmine. The Trafic Life of a Street Vendor – Al-Jazeera Travels to the Birthplace of Tunisia‟s Uprising and Speaks to Mohamed Bouazizi‟s
Family, akses 9 Maret 2015
(http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/01/20111168424251883 9.html)
Ryan, Yasmine. Tunisia president not to run again: In bid to placate protesters, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali vows to broaden political freedoms and allow freedom of speech, akses 9 Maret 2015
(http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/01/2011113192110570350.ht ml)
Ryan, Yasmine. Tunisia: The Uprising that started it all – Tunisians overthrew government, inspired uprisings across the region and launched their country on track to democracy, akses 9 Maret 2015
(http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/aljazeeratop102011/2011/12/ 20111226205027882603.html)
Tristam, Pierre. Revolutionizing Middle Eastern Media and Perception, akses 1 Juni 2015
(http://middleeast.about.com/od/mediacultureandthearts/a/me0080313.htm) Timeline: Tunisian Election – A Look back at the nine months since massive
protests toppled Tunisian ruler Ben Ali. Akses 23 Oktober 2015 (http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/10/20111091448142691 25.html)
Tunisia PM forms „unity government‟: Mohamed Ghannouchi has announced the
107
guard. Akses 24 Oktober 2015
(http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/01/201111715545105403.ht ml)
Tunisia country profile – Overview. Akses 22 Oktober 2015 (http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14107241)
Torture in Tunisia: We investigate allegations that despite its new democratic institutions, police torture continues in Tunisia. Akses 24 Oktober 2015
( http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/peopleandpower/2015/09/torture-tunisia-150902130506308.html)
Two Tunisian minister quit – Remaining ministers who served under ousted President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali quit after protesters demand they resign.
Akses 24 Oktober 2015
(http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/02/2011228183611459253.ht ml)
Tunisia struggles to end protests: Demonstrations over unemployment and poor
living conditions continue despite president‟s warning of reprisals, akses 9 Maret 2015
(http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/12/20101229122733122341.h tml)
Tunisian Protester Dies of Burns: Mohamed Bouazizi, the 26-year-old
unemployed man whose self-immolation sparked nationwide unrest, dies of severe burns, akses 9 Maret 2015
(http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/01/201115101926215588.ht ml)
108
Ungaro, Cosima, dan Vale, Paul. The Huffington Post: Arab Spring Timeline: 17 December 2010 to 17 December 2011. Akses 28 Maret 2015 (
http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/12/16/arab-spring-timeline-_n_1153909.html)
Youtube: Al-Jazeera English Channel
Empire. Tunisia – A Revolutionary model. Akses 25 Oktober 2015 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wa577mvb6mu)
Inside Story. Are Politicians hijacking the Tunisian Revolution. Akses 22 Oktober 2015 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XhOgPPNG2Ag)
Inside Story. Tunisia‟s Unemployement Crisis. Akses 22 Oktober 2015 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJ5wa61jhDY)
Talk to Al-Jazeera. Moncef Marzouki – The Price of a Revolution. Akses 25 Oktober 2015 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-TNd5_MHmg) Talk to Al-Jazeera. Moncef Marzouki – Tunisia at the Crossroads. Akses 25
Oktober 2015 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=svm9vsowqle)
The Café. Tunisia – The Arab Spring‟s success story. Akses 22 Oktober 2015 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtAG-eTri8E)
110 2. KORAN KOMPAS158
158
Kompas, Sosok: Kuartet Dialog Nasional – Pembawa Transisi Demokrasi Tunisia,
111 3. Profil Negara Tunisia159
\
Africa :: Tunisia
Introduction :: Tunisia Background:
Rivalry between French and Italian interests in Tunisia culminated in a French invasion in 1881 and the creation of a protectorate. Agitation for independence in the decades following World War I was finally successful in getting the French to recognize Tunisia as an independent state in 1956. The country's first president, Habib BOURGUIBA, established a strict one-party state. He dominated the country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and establishing rights for women unmatched by any other Arab nation. In November 1987, BOURGUIBA was removed from office and replaced by Zine el Abidine BEN ALI in a bloodless coup. Street protests that began in Tunis in December 2010 over high unemployment, corruption, widespread poverty, and high food prices escalated in January 2011, culminating in rioting that led to hundreds of deaths. On 14 January 2011, the same day BEN ALI dismissed the government, he fled the country, and by late January 2011, a "national unity government" was formed. Elections for the new Constituent Assembly were held in late October 2011, and in December, it elected human rights activist Moncef MARZOUKI as interim president. The Assembly began drafting a new constitution in February 2012 and, after several iterations and a months-long political crisis that stalled the transition, ratified the document in January 2014. Presidential and parliamentary elections for a permanent government could be held by the end of 2014. Beji CAID ESSEBSI was
elected as the first president under the country‟s new constitution. Geography :: Tunisia
Location:
Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Libya
Geographic coordinates:
34 00 N, 9 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total: 163,610 sq km; land: 155,360 sq km; water: 8,250 sq km
country comparison to the world: 93 Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Georgia
Land boundaries:
159
“Africa: Tunisia”, The World Factbook, (terakhir diperbaharui: 2 November 2015), dalam https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html, akses 5 November 2015, 15:21
112 total: 1,495 km
border countries: Algeria 1,034 km, Libya 461 km
Coastline:
1,148 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 12 nm
Climate:
temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south
Terrain:
mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the Sahara
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Shatt al Gharsah -17 m; highest point: Jebel ech Chambi 1,544 m
Natural resources:
petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt
Land use:
Agricultural land: 64.8%
arable land: 18.3%; permanent crops: 15.4%; permanent pasture 31.1%
forest: 6.6%
other: 28.6% (2011)
Irrigated land:
3,970 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
4.6 cu km (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): total: 2.85 cu km/yr (14%/4%/82%)
per capita: 295.8 cu m/yr (2001)
Natural hazards:
NA
Environment - current issues:
toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and poses health risks; water pollution from raw sewage; limited natural freshwater resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note:
strategic location in central Mediterranean; Malta and Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil exploration
People and Society :: Tunisia Nationality:
noun: Tunisian(s)
adjective: Tunisian
Ethnic groups:
Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%
Languages:
Arabic (official, one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce), Berber (Tamazight)
Note: despite having no official status, French plays a major role in the country and is spoken by about two-thirds of the population
Religions:
Muslim (official; Sunni) 99.1%, other (includes Christian, Jewish, Shia Muslim, and Baha'i) 1%
Population:
11,037,225 (July 2015 est.)
113 Age structure:
0-14 years: 23.3% (male 1,309,910/female 1,232,149)
15-24 years: 15.53% (male 860,967/female 853,502)
25-54 years: 44.58% (male 2,388,056/female 2,532,035)
55-64 years: 8.82% (male 494,054/female 479,469)
65 years and over: 8.04% (male 435,737/female 451,346) (2015 est.)
Dependency ratios:
total dependency ratio: 44.8 %
youth dependency ratio: 33.8 %
elderly dependency ratio: 11 %
potential support ratio: 9.1 (2015)
Median age: total: 31.9 years
male: 31.5 years
female: 32.3 years (2015 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.89% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 126 Birth rate:
16.64 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 113 Death rate:
5.98 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 166 Net migration rate:
-1.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 161 Urbanization:
urban population: 66.8% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: 1.38% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major urban areas - population:
TUNIS (capital) 1.993 million (2015)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 0.94 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.97 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2015 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 22.35 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 25.71 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.76 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 79 Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.89 years
male: 73.79 years
female: 78.14 years (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 93 Total fertility rate:
1.99 children born/woman (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 122 Contraceptive prevalence rate:
62.5% (2011/12)
Health expenditures:
7.1% of GDP (2013)
114 Physicians density:
1.22 physicians/1,000 population (2010)
Hospital bed density:
2.1 beds/1,000 population (2012)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 93.2% of population total: 97.7% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 6.8% of population
total: 2.3% of population (2015 est.)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: 97.4% of population rural: 79.8% of population total: 91.6% of population unimproved: urban: 2.6% of population rural: 20.2% of population
total: 8.4% of population (2015 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.4% (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 123 HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
2,700 (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 116 HIV/AIDS - deaths:
100 (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 104 Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
27.1% (2014)
country comparison to the world: 80
Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
2.3% (2012)
country comparison to the world: 118 Education expenditures:
6.2% of GDP (2012)
country comparison to the world: 38 Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 81.8%
male: 89.6%
female: 74.2% (2015 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 15 years
male: 14 years
female: 15 years (2010)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 42.3% (2011)
country comparison to the world: 10
Government :: Tunisia
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Tunisia
conventional short form: Tunisia
115 local short form: Tunis
Government type:
republic
Capital: name: Tunis
geographic coordinates: 36 48 N, 10 11 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
24 governorates (wilayat, singular - wilayah); Beja (Bajah), Ben Arous (Bin 'Arus), Bizerte (Banzart), Gabes (Qabis), Gafsa (Qafsah), Jendouba (Jundubah), Kairouan (Al Qayrawan), Kasserine (Al Qasrayn), Kebili (Qibili), Kef (Al Kaf), L'Ariana (Aryanah), Mahdia (Al Mahdiyah), Manouba (Manubah), Medenine (Madanin), Monastir (Al Munastir), Nabeul (Nabul), Sfax (Safaqis), Sidi Bouzid (Sidi Bu Zayd), Siliana (Silyanah), Sousse (Susah), Tataouine (Tatawin), Tozeur (Tawzar), Tunis, Zaghouan (Zaghwan)
Independence:
20 March 1956 (from France)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 20 March (1956); Revolution and Youth Day, 14 January (2011)
Constitution:
several previous; latest approved by Constituent Assembly 26 January 2014, signed by president on 27 January 2014 (2014)
Legal system:
mixed legal system of civil law, based on the French civil code, and Islamic law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session
International law organization participation:
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal except for active government security forces (including the police and the military), people with mental disabilities, people who have served more than three months in prison (criminal cases only), and people given a suspended sentence of more than six months
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Beji CAID ESSEBSI (since 31 December 2014)
head of government: Prime Minister Habib ESSID (since 6 February 2015)
cabinet: selected by the prime minister and approved by the Constituent Assembly
elections: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 23 November and 21 December 2014 (next to be held in 2019); following legislative elections, the prime minister is selected by the majority party or majority coalition and appointed by the president
election results: Beji CAID ESSEBSI elected president; percent of vote in runoff – Beji CAID
