IV. STATISTIK SUMBER DAYA LAUT DAN PESISIR
4.13 Sarana dan Prasarana Sosial Ekonomi di Desa Pesisir
Indonesia harus memperhatikan masalah sosial ekonomi daerah pesisir karena sangat penting untuk pembangunan sumberdaya laut dan pesisir yang berkelanjutan. Masalah sosial ekonomi tersebut diantaranya ketersediaan pelayanan dari sarana kesehatan, perdagangan dan hotel, lembaga ekonomi seperti koperasi, lembaga swadaya masyarakat untuk pemberdayaan penduduk lokal, dan pengentasan kemiskinan penduduk wilayah pesisir.
Pada lampiran Tabel 4.66 menyajikan banyaknya desa pesisir yang mempunyai fasilitas kesehatan pada tahun 2014. Terdapat sekitar 19,49 persen desa pesisir yang memiliki polindes, 28,86 persen desa pesisir yang memiliki poskesdes, 35,27 persen desa pesisir yang memiliki puskesmas pembantu dan 96,22 persen desa pesisir yang memiliki posyandu.
Sarana perdagangan dan hotel akan mendorong dan meningkatkan roda perekonomian masyarakat pesisir. Lampiran Tabel 4.67 menyajikan jumlah desa pesisir yang mempunyai fasilitas ekonomi pada tahun 2014. Terdapat sekitar 5,97 persen desa
In addition to providing school facilities, the government also has distributed the fishery information agent to all provinces. The number of the fishery information agent during 2009 up to November 2014 amounted 12,009 people (appendix of Table 4.64).
4.13 Socio-Economic Infrastructure in Coastal Village
Indonesia should pay attention to socio- economic problems of coastal areas, as it is very important for the development of marine resources and coastal development. Such as the availability of services from the health, trade and hotel, financial institutions such as cooperatives, non-government organizations to empower local residents, and poverty reduction for the coastal area population.
In appendix of Table 4.66 presented the number of coastal villages that had health facility in 2014. There were about 19.49 percent villages had village maternity post, 28.86 percent villages had village’s health post, 35.27 percent villages had subsidiary public health centre, and 96.22 percent villages had integrated health post.
Trade facilities and hotel will support and increase the economy of coastal communities. Appendix of Table 4.67 presents the number of coastal villages with economic facilities in 2014. There are about 5.97 percent coastal villages that had a hotel, 8.77 percent
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yang mempunyai penginapan, dan 9,03 persen desa pesisir yang mempunyai restoran. Tersedianya fasilitas tersebut akan membantu dalam peningkatan wisata bahari.
Koperasi merupakan lembaga yang dibentuk untuk mendorong usaha perikanan agar mampu meningkatkan pendapatan anggotanya, terutama nelayan. Persentase keberadaan koperasi di desa pesisir berdasarkan jenis koperasi dari yang terbesar berturut-turut; Koperasi Simpan Pinjam 15,44 persen, Koperasi Lainnya 10,52 persen, Koperasi Unit Desa (KUD) 6,88 persen, dan Koperasi Industri Kecil dan Kerajinan Rakyat 0,88 persen (lampiran Tabel 4.68).
Terdapat tiga program yang secara sistematis bertujuan meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat pesisir. Program tersebut adalah Program Solar Packed Dealer untuk Nelayan (SPDN)/Stasiun Pengisian Bahan Bakar Minyak untuk Nelayan (SPBN), Pembangunan Kedai Pesisir, dan Program Penguatan Modal bagi masyarakat pesisir yang bekerjasama dengan lembaga keuangan. Program SPDN/SPBN bertujuan untuk mengantisipasi dampak kenaikan harga BBM dengan menghadirkan SPDN/SPBN yang diharapkan memberikan pelayanan kepada masyarakat pesisir akan kebutuhan BBM dengan harga terbaik sesuai ketetapan pemerintah. Melalui program ini, beban hidup masyarakat pesisir diharapkan mampu ditekan sampai pada tingkat yang signifikan.
Khusus bagi nelayan skala usaha mikro dan kecil, BBM merupakan elemen sangat penting dalam menjalankan kegiatannya, karena komponen biaya
villages that had an inn, while 9.03 percent villages that have a restaurant. The availability of these facilities will also increase the marine tourism.
Cooperative is an institution established to encourage fishing effort in order to increase the income of its members, especially the fishermen. The coastal village cooperatives percentage based on the type of the largest cooperatives; Saving and Loan Cooperative 15.44 percent, Other Cooperatives 10.52 percent, Village Cooperatives Unit (KUD) 6.88 percent, and the Cooperatives of Small Industry and Citizen Handicraft 0.88 percent (appendix of Table 4.68).
There are three programs that systematically aimed to improving the welfare of coastal communities. They are the Solar Program Packed Dealer for Fishermen (SPDN)/Fuel Filling Station for the Fisherman (SPBN), Store Coastal Development, and Capital Strengthening Program for coastal communities, that collaborate with financial institutions. Program SPDN/SPBN aims to anticipate the impact of increased fuel prices by presenting SPDN/SPBN expected to provide services to coastal communities who need fuel with the best price according to government assessments. Through this program, the live load pressure is expected to decrease at a significant level in coastal communities.
Fuel is an important element for the micro-scale and small fishermen to carry out their activities. The fuel cost component ranges between 40-60 percent
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BBM berkisar antara 40-60 persen dari seluruh biaya operasional penangkapan ikan. Hal tersebut juga berpengaruh pada usaha perikanan budidaya, karena semakin meningkatnya penggunaan BBM sebagai bahan bakar genset untuk pompa air, kincir air dan penerangan. Budidaya udang misalnya, biaya BBM mencapai 13-16 persen dari biaya produksi (KKP, 2008).
Lembaga Keuangan Mikro (LKM) disiapkan sebagai lembaga keuangan alternatif non perbankan khusus melayani masyarakat pesisir yang dapat diakses dengan mudah sehingga nantinya bisa mempercepat pertumbuhan perekonomian. Tujuan untuk melayani kebutuhan modal di masyarakat pesisir khususnya usaha kecil dan mikro. Kerjasama dengan institusi perbankan berdasarkan tehnologi perbankan baik online atau offline. LKM yang ada dalam bentuk LKM Swamitra Mina, Unit Simpan Pinjam (USP) dan Bank Perkreditan Rakyat (BPR) Pesisir.
Program pemerintah yang ditujukan untuk pemberdayaan masyarakat desa pesisir terdiri dari pemberian dana modal usaha pertanian, non- pertanian, dan hibah usaha produktif. Selain itu ada program pembangunan/perbaikan transportasi, sarana pendidikan, permukiman dan kesehatan, perekonomian, peningkatan ketrrampilan produksi, pemasaran dan penguatan kelembagaan sosial.
Sejak tahun 2009, seluruh kegiatan Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Masyarakat Pesisir (PEMP) dirubah menjadi Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Kelautan dan Perikanan (PNPM-KP). PNPM-KP secara umum bertujuan untuk mening-
from the total operational costs of fishing activities. Fuel also affects on the aquaculture business, because of the increasing use of petroleum as fuel generator for water pump, windmill water and lighting. For example shrimp culture, the fuel cost reached 13-16 percent of production costs (KKP, 2008).
Microfinance Institutions (LKM) was prepared as an alternative non-banking financial institutions specifically serving the coastal communities that are easily accessible so that later can accelerate the economic growth. The Microfinance institution aim to serve the capital needs in coastal communities, especially small and micro enterprises. Cooperation with banking institutions based banking technology either online or offline is in the form of Swamitra Mina, Unit Savings and Loans (USP) and Rural Bank (BPR) Coastal.
Government programs that are aimed for community of coastal villages empowerment consist of agricultural capital funds, non-agricultural capital funds, and productive business grants. Moreover, there are development and improvement in several aspects, including transportation, education facility, housing and health, economy, production skill enhancement, marketing, and strengthening social Institutional.
Since 2009, all Economic Empowerment of the Coastal Community (PEMP) activities have been changed into National Program for Community Empowerment Marine Affairs and Fisheries (PNPM- KP). Generally, PNPM-KP aimed to improve welfare and
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masyarakat miskin bidang kelautan dan perikanan. Dalam pelaksanaannya PNPM-KP tidak serta merta menghilangkan program yang sudah berjalan. Pendekatan program yang digunakan sepenuhnya bottom up, masyarakat sendiri yang merencanakan program, melaksanakan dan melakukan monitoring serta evaluasi sesuai dengan mekanisme yang ditentukan.
Tahap pemberdayaan yang dikembangkan dalam PNPM-KP adalah tahap inisiasi, tahap penguatan, dan tahap peningkatan kemandirian. Tahap inisiasi yaitu masyarakat melalui kelompok-kelompok masyarakat dibina, dilatih berbagai ketrampilan dan diberikan pendampingan. Tahap penguatan yaitu kelompok masyarakat terbina dilatih untuk mampu memanfaatkan skema kredit dan usaha mikro, kecil dan menengah, diberikan pendampingan dan bantuan pemasaran serta peningkatan kualitas produk. Sedangkan tahap peningkatan kemandirian yaitu kelompok masyarakat yang diperkuat ditingkatkan kapasitas dan kemampuannya sehingga mampu mengakses kredit perbankan, difasilitasi dengan pendampingan serta penguatan kemitraan ekonomi dan sosial (KKP, 2010). Di bellahan dunia yang memalui pemilihanbersama yang akan dilaui dengan kebersamaan yang ada, apakah yang akan terjadi jika kita akan berkecimpun
Di tahun 2011, PNPM-KP dilaksanakan melalui dua komponen yaitu Pengembangan Usaha Mina Perdesaan (PUMP) dan Pemberdayaan Usaha Garam Rakyat (PUGAR) dalam rangka pengentasan
employment opportunities of marine and fisheries poor communities. In the implementation, PNPM-KP did not eliminate the programs that are running. Approaching program that used is completely bottom up, the communities planning the program, implementing and monitoring as well as evaluation in accordance with determined mechanism by themselves.
Developed stage of empowerment in PNPM- KP is initiaton stage, strengthen stage, and autonomy improvement stage. Initiation stage is the communities through community groups are nurtured, trained with various skills, and given assistance. Strengthen stage is the nurture community groups trained to be able utilized credit scheme and micro, small and medium enterprises, provided mentoring and marketing assistance and also improvement of product quality. Whereas, autonomy improvement stage is the strengthed community groups are enhanced in capacity and ability so they can access bank credits facilitated by the assistance and the social and economic strengthen partnership (KKP, 2010).
In 2011, PNPM-KP is implemented through two components, there are Rural Fishery Development Program (PUMP) and Community Empowerment for Salt Production (PUGAR) in the context of poverty
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alleviation through capacity building and increasing communities income and also fisheries and marine entrepreneur growth (KKP, 2011). While in 2012, the implementation of PNPM-Mandiri KP is implemented through three components, there are Rural Fishery Development Program (PUMP) of Capture Fisheries, Aquaculture, Processing and Marketing of Fishery Products; Community Empowerment for Salt Production (PUGAR); and Resilient Coastal Village Development (PDPT).
PUMP, PUGAR and PDPT are effort empowerment activities, through the facilitation of business development aid for fishermen, fish farmers, fish processors/ marketers and salt farmers in Marine and Fishery Business Group (KUKP). KUKP is a community institution of marine and fisheries PNPM-Mandiri KP for the distribution of aid business development for members of the group.
To achieve the optimal results in the implementation of PNPM-Mandiri KP, KUKP is accompanied by assistants. The assistants can be comes from Civil Servant for Fishery Entension Agent, Contract Labour of Fishery Extension Agent, and assistants of PUGAR and PDPT. Through the implementation of PNPM-Mandiri KP could be expected KUKP become economic institutions that is owned and managed by fishermen, fish farmers, processors/ marketers of fish and salt farmers, and other coastal communities (KKP, 2013).
Especially for salt farmers, the government gives special attention after the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and kemiskinan melalui peningkatan kemampuan dan
pendapatan masyarakat serta penumbuhan wirausaha kelautan dan perikanan (KKP, 2011). Sedangkan pada tahun 2012, program PNPM Mandiri KP pelaksanaanya dilakukan melalui tiga komponen yaitu Pengembangan Usaha Mina Perdesaan (PUMP) Perikanan Tangkap, Perikanan Budidaya dan Pengolahan dan Pemasaran Hasil Perikanan; Pemberdayaan Usaha Garam Rakyat (PUGAR); dan Pengembangan Desa Pesisir Tangguh (PDPT).
PUMP, PUGAR dan PDPT merupakan upaya kegiatan pemberdayaan, antara lain melalui fasilitasi bantuan pengembangan usaha bagi nelayan, pembudidaya, pengolah/pemasar ikan dan petambak garam rakyat dalam wadah Kelompok Usaha Kelautan dan Perikanan (KUKP). KUKP merupakan kelembagaan masyarakat kelautan dan perikanan pelaksana PNPM Mandiri KP untuk penyaluran bantuan pengembangan usaha bagi anggota kelompok.
Untuk mencapai hasil yang optimal dalam pelaksanaan PNPM Mandiri KP, KUKP didampingi oleh tenaga pendamping. Tenaga pendamping dapat berasal dari Penyuluh Perikanan PNS, Penyuluh Perikanan Tenaga Kontrak (PPTK), dan/atau tenaga pendamping PUGAR dan PDPT. Melalui pelaksanaan PNPM Mandiri KP diharapkan KUKP dapat menjadi kelembagaan ekonomi yang dimiliki dan dikelola nelayan, pembudidaya ikan, pengolah/pemasar ikan, petambak garam rakyat, dan masyarakat pesisir lainnya (KKP, 2013)
Khusus untuk petambak garam rakyat, pemerintah memberikan perhatian khusus setelah
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S t a t i s t i c s o f M a r i n e a n d C o a s t a l R e s o u r c e s 2 0 1 5 93 Fisheries launched for national self-sufficiency of salt in 2014 (KKP, 2014). In order to meet the needs of the national consumption of salt, KKP strengthen people’s salt production base through Community Empowerment for Salt Production (PUGAR). According to the KKP, salt needs of national consumption reached 1.5 million tons per year (www.republika.co.id, 2014).
Appendix of Table 4.79 shows that the total salt production in Indonesia reached about 2 million tons in 2014. Jawa Timur is a province that has the largest salt production that reached around 0.9 tons from an area of 10,430.76 hectares.
4.14. Fishery Farmer Terms of Trade (NTN)
Fishery Farmer Terms of Trade known as
