RIZKI FAUZIAH RAMADHAIN
SEKOLAH PASCASARJANA INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR
BOGOR 2013
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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Lampiran 1 Rekomendasi pemupukan kelapa sawit pada tahap pembibitan Umur Bibit (MST) Pupuk Majemuk (N : P2O5 : K2O : MgO) Dosis (g/bibit) Frekuensi 8 – 10 15- 15- 6- 4 3.5 setiap 2 minggu 12 – 24 12- 12- 17- 2 + pupuk mikro atau 15- 15- 6- 4 7 - 10 setiap 2 minggu 26 – 32 12- 12- 17- 2 + pupuk mikro atau 15- 15- 6- 4 12 - 16 setiap 2 minggu 34 – 48 12- 12- 17- 2 + pupuk mikro atau 15- 15- 6- 4 25 - 36 setiap 2 minggu 50 – lapangan 12- 12- 17- 2 + pupuk mikro atau 15- 15- 6- 4 30 - 40 setiap 3 minggu Sumber : Uexkull (1992)
Lampiran 2 Dosis perlakuan pupuk NPK 15-15-15 Umur bibit (BSP) Dosis Rekomendasi NPK 12-12-17 atau 15-15-6 (g bibit-1) Dosis NPK 15-15-15 (g bibit-1) Frekuensi M0 M1 M2 M3 0 7 0 5 10 20 1 bulan 1 7 0 5 10 20 1 bulan 2 20 0 5 10 20 1 bulan 3 20 0 20 40 80 1 bulan 4 20 0 20 40 80 1 bulan 5 20 0 20 40 80 1 bulan 6 32 0 20 40 80 1 bulan 7 32 0 20 40 80 1 bulan Total Dosis (g) 158 0 115 230 460
Lampiran 3 Hasil analisis tanah
Sifat-sifat tanah Nilai1) Kriteria* M22) Kriteria* M32) Kriteria* Metode/ ekstraktan Tekstur Pipet Pasir (%) 4.99 Debu (%) 19.25 Liat (%) 75.76 pH H2O 4.70 masam 4.20 sangat masam 4.20 sangat masam pH meter pH KCl 4.00 masam 3.50 sangat masam 3.50 sangat masam pH meter Bahan organik
C-organik (%) 3.38 tinggi walkey& black N-total (%) 0.32 sedang 0.22 sedang 0.24 sedang Kjedahl P (ppm) 6.80 sangat rendah 543.40 sangat
tinggi
783.75 sangat tinggi
Bray I P (ppm) 65.30 sangat tinggi 1312.50 sangat
tinggi
3481.35 sangat tinggi
HCl 25% K (ppm) 54.56 rendah 850.00 rendah 1150.00 rendah HCl 25% Ca (ppm) 510.90 rendah 786.46 rendah 445.00 rendah HCl 25% Nilai tukar kation
Ca (me 100 g -1) 3.30 rendah 1.04 sangat rendah
1.02 sangat rendah
NH4 Acetat 1
M pH 7.0 K (me 100 g -1) 0.30 sedang 0.75 tinggi 0.73 tinggi
Mg (me 100 g -1) 1.90 sedang Na (me 100 g -1) 0.31 sedang
KTK (%) 19.47 sedang 15.59 rendah 17.99 sedang KB (%) 29.84 rendah
Al (me 100 g -1) 7.52 sangat rendah KCl
Keterangan : 1): analisis tanah awal; 2): analisis tanah akhir; M2 : dosis NPK 230 g/bibit; M3: dosis NPK 460 g/bibit; ** berdasarkan standar Pusat Penelitian Tanah (2008)
Lampiran 4 Hasil analisis kompos kotoran sapi*
Parameter Satuan Hasil Pengukuran
pH - 7.70 C-organik % 30.96 N-Total % 1.56 C/N rasio - 19.80 P2O5 % 1.42 K2O % 2.08 Cu ppm 106.80 Zn ppm 149.20 Mn ppm 317.60 Fe % 0.27 B ppm 61.80 Co ppm < 0.05 Mo ppm < 0.20 Pb ppm 9.60 Cd ppm 0.38 As ppm Ttd Hg ppm Ttd Bahan ikutan % 0.71 Kadar Air % 19.73
Lampiran 5 Rata-rata curah hujan, banyaknya hari hujan, suhu, lama penyinaran, kelembaban udara dan intensitas penyinaran Desember 2011 sampai dengan September 2012
Bulan - tahun Curah Hujan Hari Hujan Suhu Rata-rata Lama Penyinaran RH Rata-rata Intensitas Penyinaran (mm) (hari) (°C) (%) (jam) (%) (Cal/cm2) Des-11 344.60 31 26.10 56 4.5 84 223 Jan-12 271.70 12 25.10 44 3.5 86 223 Feb-12 548.90 10 25.60 26 2.1 87 254 Mar-12 136.00 31 26.20 57 4.6 80 240 Apr-12 389.50 14 26.20 55 4.4 86 257 Mei-12 195.00 31 26.10 75 6.0 85 254 Jun-12 94.00 12 26.20 78 6.2 81 253 Jul-12 117.00 10 25.80 63 5.0 79 272 Agust-12 79.00 31 25.80 89 7.1 74 333 Sep-12 271.00 14 26.00 91 7.3 76 368 Rata-rata 244.67 19.60 25.91 63.40 5.07 81.80 267.70
Sumber : Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika, Bogor
Lampiran 6 Standar pertumbuhan morfologi bibit sawit Dami Mas pada pre nursery (1-3 bulan) dan main nursery (4-12 bulan)
Umur (bulan) Jumlah daun Tinggi Bibit (cm) Diameter batang (mm)
1 2.0 8.4 4.0 2 3.0 17.7 5.0 3 4.0 27.8 9.0 4 6.5 33.0 13.0 5 8.5 40.0 16.0 6 11.1 57.6 22.0 7 13.3 75.9 41.0 8 15.2 87.9 55.0 9 17.1 102.5 61.0 10 18.8 104.2 76.0 11 20.4 142.2 76.0 12 22.5 159.6 80.0
Lampiran 7 Hasil analisis korelasi tinggi, jumlah daun, luas daun, diameter batang, kerapatan stomata, kandungan klorofil, biomassa dan kadar hara N, P, K, Ca daun bibit kelapa sawit pada umur 8 BSP
tinggi daun diameter klorofil stomata bk-daun bk-pel bk-akar N-daun P-daun K-daun Ca-daun
tinggi 1.000 * daun 0.743 1.000 0.257 * diameter 0.990 0.829 1.000 0.010 0.171 * klorofil 0.954 0.627 0.934 1.000 0.046 0.373 0.066 * stomata -0.677 -0.574 -0.666 -0.433 1.000 0.323 0.426 0.334 0.567 * bk-daun 0.783 0.170 0.688 0.803 -0.517 1.000 0.217 0.830 0.312 0.197 0.483 * bk-pelepah 0.898 0.546 0.853 0.769 -0.880 0.845 1.000 0.102 0.454 0.147 0.231 0.120 0.155 * bk-akar -0.088 0.552 0.052 -0.094 0.234 -0.666 -0.397 1.000 0.912 0.448 0.948 0.906 0.766 0.334 0.603 * N-daun 0.662 0.038 0.569 0.801 -0.146 0.915 0.592 -0.567 1.000 0.338 0.962 0.431 0.199 0.854 0.085 0.408 0.433 * P-daun 1.000 0.747 0.990 0.951 -0.684 0.780 0.901 -0.085 0.655 1.000 0.000 0.253 0.010 0.049 0.316 0.220 0.099 0.915 0.345 * K-daun 0.929 0.446 0.866 0.911 -0.641 0.958 0.928 -0.444 0.840 0.927 1.000 0.071 0.554 0.134 0.089 0.359 0.042 0.072 0.556 0.160 0.073 * Ca-daun -0.715 -0.082 -0.609 -0.711 0.553 -0.989 -0.842 0.755 -0.869 -0.713 -0.922 1.000 0.285 0.918 0.391 0.289 0.447 0.011 0.158 0.245 0.131 0.287 0.078 *
Cell Contents: Pearson correlation
P-Value 3
Lampiran 10 Hasil analisis korelasi kadar hara N, P, K dan Ca pada jaringan akar, pelepah dan daun bibit kelapa sawit
N-Akar P-Akar K-Akar Ca-Akar N-Pel P-Pel K-Pel Ca-Pel N-Daun P-Daun K-Daun Ca-Daun
N-akar 1.000 * P-Akar 0.949 1.000 0.051 * K-Akar 0.891 0.987 1.000 0.109 0.013 * Ca-Akar -0.470 -0.720 -0.797 1.000 0.530 0.280 0.203 * N-Pel 0.918 0.761 0.674 -0.098 1.000 0.082 0.239 0.326 0.902 * P-Pel 0.915 0.995 0.993 -0.785 0.692 1.000 0.085 0.005 0.007 0.215 0.308 * K-Pel 0.909 0.935 0.887 -0.679 0.690 0.936 1.000 0.091 0.065 0.113 0.321 0.310 0.064 * Ca-Pel -0.281 -0.562 -0.655 0.978 0.109 -0.642 -0.541 1.000 0.719 0.438 0.345 0.022 0.891 0.358 0.459 * N-Daun 0.750 0.764 0.790 -0.400 0.748 0.730 0.497 -0.237 1.000 0.250 0.236 0.210 0.600 0.252 0.270 0.503 0.763 * P-Daun 0.833 0.962 0.979 -0.880 0.556 0.985 0.915 -0.765 0.655 1.000 0.167 0.038 0.021 0.120 0.444 0.015 0.085 0.235 0.345 * K-Daun 0.959 0.991 0.978 -0.655 0.812 0.976 0.887 -0.485 0.840 0.927 1.000 0.041 0.009 0.022 0.345 0.188 0.024 0.113 0.515 0.160 0.073 * Ca-Daun -0.958 -0.874 -0.824 0.314 -0.967 -0.822 -0.754 0.111 -0.869 -0.713 -0.922 1.000 0.042 0.126 0.176 0.686 0.033 0.178 0.246 0.889 0.131 0.287 0.078 *
Cell Contents: Pearson correlation P-Value
RINGKASAN
RIZKI FAUZIAH RAMADHAINI. Optimasi Dosis Pupuk Majemuk NPK dan Kalsium pada Bibit Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) di Pembibitan Utama. Dibimbing oleh SUDRADJAT dan ADE WACHJAR.
Kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu komoditas perkebunan andalan ekspor Indonesia sehingga menjadi penghasil devisa negara di luar minyak dan gas bumi. Minyak sawit banyak digunakan oleh industri fraksinasi (minyak goreng), lemak khusus, margarin, kosmetik, oleochemical, dan biodiesel.
Salah satu faktor penentu produktivitas kelapa sawit adalah dengan menggunakan bibit yang berkualitas yang didapatkan melalui penggunaan benih yang secara genetik unggul dan pemeliharaan yang baik, terutama pemupukan. Oleh karena itu, ketepatan dosis pupuk selama proses pembibitan menjadi faktor yang sangat penting. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan dosis optimum pupuk majemuk NPK dan kalsium, mengetahui pengaruh interaksi keduanya terhadap pertumbuhan bibit dan menghasilkan bibit kelapa sawit berkualitas.
Percobaan dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan IPB, Cikabayan, Darmaga, Bogor dari bulan Desember 2011 sampai dengan November 2012. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah faktorial dalam rancangan acak kelompok dengan tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah dosis pupuk majemuk NPK (15-15-15) yang terdiri atas 0, 115, 230 dan 460 g bibit-1. Faktor ke-dua adalah dosis pupuk kalsium yang terdiri atas 0, 5, 10 dan 20 g bibit-1.
Secara umum, tidak terdapat pengaruh interaksi pupuk majemuk NPK dan kalsium terhadap peubah yang diamati, kecuali pada tinggi bibit 3 Bulan Setelah Perlakuan (BSP). Pupuk majemuk NPK memberikan pengaruh nyata secara kuadratik terhadap tinggi bibit, jumlah daun, diameter batang dan kandungan klorofil pada umur 3-8 BSP, kecuali pada tinggi bibit 5 BSP dan diameter batang 3 BSP, pupuk majemuk NPK berpengaruh nyata secara linier. Pupuk kalsium berpengaruh nyata secara linier hanya terhadap tinggi bibit 1 BSP, selain itu pupuk kalsium tidak berpengaruh nyata pada seluruh peubah. Pengaruh linier menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi pemberian dosis pupuk, pertumbuhan tanaman akan semakin meningkat. Pengaruh kuadratik menunjukkan penurunan pertumbuhan bibit pada dosis pupuk majemuk NPK di atas dosis optimum.
Pemberian pupuk majemuk NPK merupakan upaya untuk memenuhi kriteria bibit kelapa sawit siap salur. Tinggi bibit perlakuan pupuk majemuk NPK dosis 230 g bibit-1 pada umur 8 BSP pada percobaan ini setara dengan umur 12 bulan sejak pre nursery mencapai 85.48 % dari standar bibit kelapa sawit siap salur. Sementara diameter batang dan jumlah daun masing-masing mencapai 106.92%, dan 65.56% dari standar bibit kelapa sawit siap salur.
Berdasarkan peubah tinggi bibit dan diameter batang dosis rekomendasi pupuk majemuk NPK 15-15-15 berkisar 333.00 g bibit-1 selama delapan bulan di pembibitan utama dengan dosis bulanan sebagai berikut : 7.00, 7.00, 19.45, 59.25, 66.3, 61.55, 58.97 dan 54.16 g NPK bibit-1. Dosis optimum pupuk kalsium tidak tercapai dalam percobaan ini.
SUMMARY
RIZKI FAUZIAH RAMADHAINI. Optimizing Rates of NPK Compound and Calcium Fertilizer for the Growth of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Seedling in Main Nursery. Supervised by SUDRADJAT and ADE WACHJAR.
Oil palm is the main estate crop that brought Indonesia as the main producer for palm oil in the world. Palm oil both crude palm oil (CPO) and kernel palm oil (KPO) have been broadening utilized by fractionation (edible oil), margarine, cosmetics, oleo-chemical and bio-diesel industries.
The productivity of oil palm could be determined by the quality of seedling both genetically and physically. The production of oil palm seedling takes about 12-14 months through pre nursery (3-4 months) and main nursery (9-11 months). Fertilizer management had been necessary for oil palm seedling growth. Therefore, the accuracy fertilizer rate would be the main key to maintain the oil palm seedling growth physically as it would have produced the maximum growth of oil palm seedling.
This research was aimed to evaluate rates of NPK compound and calcium fertilizer for the growth of oil palm seedling in main nursery. Other objectives were to know the interaction effect between NPK compound and calcium fertilizer and to produce the high qualified oil palm seedling.
The experiment was conducted in IPB Experimental Station, Cikabayan, Darmaga, Bogor from December 2011 to November 2012. The two factor experiment was designed in a randomized block design with three replications.
The rates of NPK compound fertilizer (15-15-15) were 0, 115, 230 and 460 g seedling-1. The rates of calcium fertilizer were 0, 5, 10 and 20 g seedling-1.
In general, there was no interaction effect between NPK compound and calcium fertilizer on variables observed, except on plant height 3 Months after Application (MAA). NPK compound fertilizer had the significant quadratic effect on plant height, leaf number, stem diameter and chlorophyll content. But, it had the significant linear effect on plant height 5 MAA and stem diameter 3 MAA. The calcium fertilizer had the significant linear effect only on plant height 1 MAA and other variables were not affected by calcium fertilizer. The linear effect showed that the highest rate would still increase the seedling growth. The quadratic effect showed that the seedling growth would decrease by rate higher than the optimum rate.
The oil palm seedling height of NPK compound rate 230 g seedling-1 on 8 MAA attained 85.48 % up to oil palm seedling standard for 12 months since pre nursery. Stem diameter and leaf number attained 106.92% and 65.56% respectively.
Based on plant height and stem diameter, recommended rate of NPK compound fertilizer 15-15-15 was in the range of 333.00 g seedling-1 for eight months. Recommended rates for each month were 7.00, 7.00, 19.45, 59.25, 66.3, 61.55, 58.97 and 54.16 g NPK seedling-1. The optimum rate of calcium was not obtained from this experiment.